James Meredith, Civil Rights, and the Ole Miss Riot

James Meredith, Civil Rights, and the Ole Miss Riot James Meredith is an African American political dissident and Air Force veteran who rose to noticeable quality during the U.S. Social liberties Movement by turning into the main dark understudy admitted to the recently isolated University of Mississippi (â€Å"Ole Miss†). The U.S. Incomparable Court requested the college to coordinate the school, yet Mississippi state police at first blocked Meredith’s entrance. After grounds riots happened, leaving two individuals dead, Meredith was permitted to enter the college under the security of U.S. government marshals and military soldiers. In spite of the fact that the occasions at Ole Miss always settled in him as a significant social equality figure, Meredith has communicated restriction to the idea of race-based social liberties. Quick Facts: James Meredith Known For: First dark understudy to try out the isolated University of Mississippi, a demonstration that made him a significant figure in the social equality development Born: June 25, 1933 in Kosciusko, MississippiEducation: University of Mississippi, Columbia Law SchoolMajor Awards and Honors: Harvard Graduate School of Education â€Å"Medal for Education Impact† (2012) Early Life and Education James Meredith was conceived on June 25, 1933, in Kosciusko, Mississippi, to Roxie (Patterson) and Moses Meredith. He finished eleventh grade at Attala County, Mississippi Training School, which was racially isolated under the states Jim Crow laws. In 1951, he completed secondary school at Gibbs High School in St. Petersburg, Florida. Days subsequent to graduating, Meredith joined the U.S. Aviation based armed forces, serving from 1951 through 1960. After decently isolating from the Air Force, Meredith joined in and exceeded expectations at generally dark Jackson State College until 1962. He at that point chose to apply to the carefully isolated University of Mississippi, expressing at that point, â€Å"I know about the plausible challenges associated with such a move as I am embraced and I am completely arranged to seek after it right to a degree from the University of Mississippi.† Denied Admission Propelled by President John F. Kennedy’s 1961 debut address, Meredith’s expressed objective in applying to Ole Miss was to convince the Kennedy organization to authorize social liberties for African Americans. Notwithstanding the U.S. Preeminent Court’s noteworthy 1954 decision in the social liberties instance of Brown v. Leading body of Education that isolation of state funded schools was unlawful, the college continued conceding white understudies as it were. In the wake of being denied affirmation twice, Meredith recorded suit in U.S. Area Court with the help of Medgar Evers, who was then leader of the Mississippi section of the NAACP. The suit affirmed that the college had dismissed him exclusively as a result of he was African American. After a few hearings and bids, the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decided that Meredith had an established option to be admitted to the state-bolstered college. Mississippi quickly advanced the decision to the U.S. Preeminent Court. The Ole Miss Riot On September 10, 1962, the Supreme Court decided that the University of Mississippi needed to concede African American understudies. In away from of the Supreme Court’s administering, Mississippi representative Ross Barnett, on September 26, requested state police to keep Meredith from going to the school’s grounds. â€Å"No school will be coordinated in Mississippi while I am your governor,† he broadcasted. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/W2YLP2_Cd0hMdA2wc3BrJ4Vz1lI=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/illustrating understudies with-confederate-banner 515454562-5c8a7d8946e0fb000146aca3.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/TyY1btFOzNbOP_7VrnxJvathiJY=/1140x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/illustrating understudies with-confederate-banner 515454562-5c8a7d8946e0fb000146aca3.jpg 1140w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/sUMkoyqS_nBvIXclTsKdJOYEBG0=/1980x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/illustrating understudies with-confederate-banner 515454562-5c8a7d8946e0fb000146aca3.jpg 1980w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/b-00AOFPRihTrfbWBJcqsQlG2BM=/3662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/illustrating understudies with-confederate-banner 515454562-5c8a7d8946e0fb000146aca3.jpg 3662w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/c6l6F4ubMlHIhaYPnXLhg6d4_1Y=/3662x2421/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/illustrating understudies with-confederate-banner 515454562-5c8a7d8946e0fb000146aca3.jpg src=//:0 alt=Students lift a Confederate banner into the air during Ole Miss revolt. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-18 information following container=true /> Understudies raise a Confederate banner into the air during Ole Miss revolt. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images On the night of September 30, riots on the University of Mississippi grounds emitted over Meredith’s enlistment. During the overnight savagery, two individuals kicked the bucket from gunfire wounds, and white protestors pelted government marshals with blocks and little arms shoot. A few vehicles were determined to fire and college property was seriously harmed. By dawn on October 1, 1962, government troops had recaptured control of the grounds, and accompanied by furnished administrative marshals, James Meredith turned into the main African American to go to the University of Mississippi. Reconciliation at the University of Mississippi Despite the fact that he endured consistent badgering and dismissal by individual understudies, he continued, and proceeded to graduate with a degree in political theory on August 18, 1963. Today, Meredith’s affirmation is viewed as one of the vital minutes in the American Civil Rights Movement.â In 2002, Meredith talked about his endeavors to coordinate Ole Miss. â€Å"I was occupied with a war. I viewed myself as occupied with a war from Day One,† he said in a meeting with CNN. â€Å"And my goal was to constrain the government-the Kennedy organization around then into a position where they would need to utilize the United States military power to uphold my privileges as a citizen.† Walk Against Fear, 1966 On June 6, 1966, Meredith started a one-man, 220-mile â€Å"March Against Fear† from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi. Meredith told correspondents that his purpose was â€Å"to challenge the all-unavoidable superseding fear† that dark Mississippians despite everything felt when attempting to enroll to cast a ballot, significantly after the authorization of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Asking just individual dark residents to go along with him, Meredith freely dismissed the contribution of the major social liberties associations. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/30iISU4Hwz_xKJsJ2S4Epg54Vhc=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/meredith-mississippi-walk button-534234576-5c8a7c9346e0fb000146aca1.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/X-QOL4CrGCxrmRcQngXGgYx8bPU=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/meredith-mississippi-walk button-534234576-5c8a7c9346e0fb000146aca1.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QFoiktmg1csnokncUTRJGx3YIUI=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/meredith-mississippi-walk button-534234576-5c8a7c9346e0fb000146aca1.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/UgMIm77URL2o61BiFRQasavUBBY=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/meredith-mississippi-walk button-534234576-5c8a7c9346e0fb000146aca1.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zYaX_YQ1Zy_uHIEwsyK9II3zh7U=/1024x1003/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/meredith-mississippi-walk button-534234576-5c8a7c9346e0fb000146aca1.jpg src=//:0 alt=Meredith Mississippi March Button class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-31 information following container=true /> Corbis through Getty Images/Getty Images Be that as it may, when Meredith was shot and injured by a white shooter on the second day of the excursion heads and individuals from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) all joined the walk. Meredith recouped and rejoined the walk not long before somewhere in the range of 15,000 marchers entered Jackson on June 26. During the trek, in excess of 4,000 dark Mississippians enrolled to cast a ballot. Today, Mississippi has one of the nation’s most noteworthy paces of dark voter enrollment and casting a ballot. Features of the noteworthy three-week walk were broadly recorded by SCLC’s picture taker Bob Fitch. Fitch’s notable pictures incorporate the voter enlistment of 106-year-old, conceived in-bondage El Fondren, and dark dissident Stokely Carmichael’s resistant and dazzling call for dark force. Meredith’s Political Views Maybe shockingly, Meredith never needed to be recognized as a major aspect of the Civil Rights Movement and communicated scorn for the idea of racially-based social equality. As a long lasting moderate Republican, Meredith felt he was battling for a similar protected privileges of all American resident, paying little heed to their race. Of social equality, he once expressed, â€Å"Nothing could be more offending to me than the idea of social equality. It implies unending below average citizenship for me and my kind.† Of his 1966 â€Å"March Against Fear,† Meredith reviewed, â€Å"I got shot, and that permitted the development fight thing to assume control over at that point and do their thing.† In 1967, Meredith bolstered acknowledged segregationist Ross Barnett in his bombed run for re-appointment as legislative head of Mississippi, and in 1991, he upheld previous Ku Klux Klan pioneer David Duke in his nearby yet unsucces

Is the accessibility of free digital music downloads destroying the Essay

Is the availability of free computerized music downloads obliterating the chronicle business - Essay Example The subtleties of how free web downloads influence the music business will be analyzed in the resulting some portion of the essay.2 Recording specialists put a great deal of time and exertion to concoct items that gain gratefulness from different crowds. It might be viewed as reasonable if these equivalent chronicle craftsmen got a compensation for their endeavors. By downloading their music for nothing from the web, recording craftsmen are precluded the opportunity from claiming profiting by their sweat.3 For recording specialists who may not be notable or those attempting to become famous in the business, it turns out to be hard to balance all the installments and costs that accompany creation of a collection or even a melody. They need to pay eminences to a large group of gatherings associated with the way toward recording tunes, going on visit, acquisition of hardware, recruiting legal advisors or settling up record Companies or any operators that were included on the creation pr ocedure. In this way the entirety of their ventures wind up going to different sources. Most of the income created in the chronicle business is credited to CD deals or collection deals. The web has caused a sharp decrease in these deals thusly making the craftsmen who get by from it endure greatly.4 Free downloads likewise seriously influence up and coming craftsmen. This is on the grounds that youthful craftsmen are considered as a kind of speculation.

Is the Death Penalty Justified

Is the Death Penalty Justified Capital punishment Essay Capital punishment banter regularly turns into a theme for a factious exposition. Understudies are approached to make contentions for capital punishment and contentions against capital punishment. The death penalty article model beneath is a sort of feeling exposition for lawful conversations. On the off chance that you need another topicâ for talking about in your pugnacious article here is an incredible rundown: Contentious Essay Topicsâ The Death Penalty is the Code of Judgment Need to separate a room decently fast? Get a discussion moving about defending capital punishment. That will disperse people, completely. Furthermore, everybody will feel distinctively about the issue. Some will hold some profoundly established feelings about the subject: Should an individual be condemned to death since they purposely murdered someone else? Isn’t God their definitive adjudicator, and along these lines, shouldn’t they get a free go in this life since they are decided in the following? Is executing a killer †through gas chamber, hot seat, deadly infusion †carrying out the equivalent precisely wrongdoing the killer did? There are numerous inquiries to pose to when giving this intensely discussed theme a decent reasoning. Initial, one needs to acknowledge that there are some truly malevolent individuals on the planet who need to end the lives of others, to play God, eventually; at that point there are incidental killings; and in conclusion, one ne eds to consider that we as a whole can possibly murder another person whenever sent to the brink of reason. In any case, in this occasion, a legitimization for capital punishment will be given. The Death Penalty is Justified When a Murder Was Done out of Cold Blood For one, capital punishment is legitimized when a homicide was done out of intentionally and without hesitation when it was planned. Obviously, this isn't the point at which an individual coincidentally slaughters someone else †wrestling around when an inappropriate move is made or somebody goes excessively far, for instance; or a vehicle colliding with another on late night. Those are extraordinary. A homicide without a second thought is the point at which an individual purposely wants, designs and executes a homicide. Despite why the homicide is done, or what number of individuals the individual slaughtered, regardless of whether to vindicate another’s murder or bad behavior, it is still homicide †a conscious consummation of another person’s life on this planet †and killers ought to be executed themselves. They should pay for their bad behavior, and this is one instance of how capital punishment is advocated. Besides, capital punishment is supported on account of the anticipation factor: When an awful killer is given capital punishment, they can't be forgotten about in the public arena to do it once more. This is accomplished for an extraordinary explanation. This legitimizes capital punishment without a doubt. Presently there is consistently the likelihood that the executing is exemplary †possibly the man who viciously assaulted, beat and slaughtered a blameless lady ought to be murdered †and the individual who slaughtered the attacker is guiltless to a certain extent, yet the entirety of this is abstract reasoning, and feelings ought not impact defense. We can allude to Hammurabi’s Code †â€Å"eye-for-an-eye† †to legitimize this correspondence: that the state should execute a killer. Make no uncertainty about it: this is one all the more way that represents how capital punishment is for sure legitimized. Dead Murderer Cannot Kill Again Finally, imagine a scenario where the agnostics are correct. Consider the possibility that there is no God. No judgment in life following death? We can never know without a doubt of an existence in the wake of death. Presently is everything we can ever know without a doubt. This mindset legitimizes capital punishment since it implies there is an opportunity this killer could go on known to man never paying for what they had done †when they took a person’s life and played God for only a couple of moments. One can conjecture that if the ordinary individual slaughters another, even purposefully, that individual will live for the remainder of their years with gigantic lament, blame, and neurosis. The psychological anguish would be a brutal enough discipline itself. Ok, yet numerous executioners are insane people, they need sympathy and inner voice †so they may not think they are fouling up. In this way they ought to be cleared out of this world. They merit capital punish ment. Capital punishment is generally advocated here †a debilitated, disturbed individual ought to be removed from this world. There might be no appointed authority in the hereafter, no God; thusly, the malice of this world will be decided on earth, and wickedness will bite the dust. Let’s finish up this overwhelming contention by saying 'sorry' to the peruser: this is an extreme theme to examine †everyone’s got an alternate perspective on it †and it’s simple to annoy an individual. On the off chance that any offense was taken, the author offers their expressions of remorse. Actually, there is no correct answer. The understudy can identify with Christian (God is my adjudicator) and Buddhist (individuals draw in anguish) belief systems, and to Hammurabi’s Code (tit for tat), to move toward this issue impartially. Which is right? What is uncaring and what’s wrong? How would you tell? Need a capital punishment exposition? Our journalists are knowledgeable about composing diverse capital punishment contentious papers. The most well known points are: Why the Death Penalty Wrong? what's more, Should the Death Penalty Be Allowed? On the off chance that you need a paper on these or other capital punishment article points, submit a request.

Visual Perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Perception - Essay Example In the nearsighted eye, the point frames before the fovea centralis of the retina, and in this manner, inaccessible items appear to be hazy. From a pathophysiological perspective, nearsightedness is generally caused on account of a prolonged eyeball, however it can result from an a lot of refractive force in the focal point arrangement of the eye. There are two sorts of nearsightedness, benevolent and harmful. Considerate nearsightedness for the most part happens around pubescence and it is generally settled before 25 years' over old enough, yet threatening nearsightedness happens in youth, during which moderate yet consistent prolongation of the sclera happens. This prolongation happens in the rear of the eye, while the frontal part doesn't change, and this can prompt a genuine stretching of the inside film of the eye, causing decay of the pigmented epithelium and the chorioidea, or the layer of veins in the eye, and the presence of a nearsighted cone. Visual keenness is estimated utilizing the Snellen diagram, where the letters (optotypes) decline in size in each line, through and through. The littlest line that can be perused precisely shows that individual's visual keenness in that eye. The patient is put at 6 meters good ways from the diagram and requested to peruse the letters. Close to each line there is a number, showing the length at which an individual with ordinary visual sharpness would have the option to understand it, or the separation at which an individual can observe 2 separate focuses on the diagram. A patient with 6/6 visual keenness implies that he has ordinary vision, while the outcomes give us that the individual we estimated has slight nearsightedness. It is effectively treatable by setting curved circular focal points before the eyes, diminishing the over the top refractive force and wandering the beams to fall on the retina. In present day times, refractive medical procedure is likewise accessible, which uti lizes laser to reshape the ebb and flow of the cornea and diminish the refractive force. 2. The individual clearly is solid, as it can watch movement, despite the fact that he couldn't watch shape during the movement. This is ordinary eye physiology, as there are more pole cells that recognize movement, than cone cells that distinguish shading in the fringe of the fovea centralis. While not moving, more cones are invigorated and in this way, can recognize shading and shape. 3. Miosis is the way toward diminishing the size of the pupillary gap. It is brought about by the incitement of the parasympathetic nerves, which energize the pupillary sphincter muscle, and it speaks to a necessary piece of the pupillary light reflex. At the point when light hits the retina, a portion of the driving forces go through the optic nerves to the pretectal cores. Optional driving forces at that point show up at the Edinger-Westphal core, which impart signs through parasympathetic nerves to the papillary sphincter muscle. The motivation behind why the student of the other eye continues as before when light is sparkled in one eye is on the grounds that the two separate signs originating from the two eyes are transferred through discrete nerves and neuronal layers, significantly after they show up at the dorsal horizontal geniculate core, which at that point imparts the signs to the visual cortex. This detachment of signs all through the whole visual neural pathway takes int o account a free miosis in each eye. 4. At the point when an abrupt beat of light strikes the retina, the receptor potential that happens in the bars arrives at a top in 0.3 seconds and goes on for over a second. It is moreover

Leadership theories, leadership style and skills Essay

Initiative hypotheses, administration style and aptitudes - Essay Example This examination will start with the explanation that initiative is an arrangement, a procedure which has various components unblemished to it, winning towards the fruitful traits of a genuine administration quality. These components of initiative are of three sorts the pioneer, the accompanying gathering or the devotees lastly the substance. Administration characteristics are estimated based on employees’ execution and their activity fulfillment. A pioneer can be known as a fruitful light carrier just if his/her supporters similarly contribute towards the development of an association. Administration in itself is a significant quality yet there are sure factors which characterize the genuine initiative characteristics a pioneer ought to have. These fundamental parts to creating administration characteristics at standard are: a) Setting a model and persuading others, b) Finding an answer for questions and ambiguities, c) Being moral, d) Bringing in the ideal change, and e) Man aging social grouping. Groups and gatherings have become a significant piece of an association and diverse initiative speculations have incredibly impacted such practice. Authority and its job inside a group significantly rouse the authoritative culture and furthermore guarantee that the group achieves achievement and the general yield is powerful. A pioneer has certain significant initiative characteristics such uprightness, self-assurance, knowledge, and assurance. Steve Jobs and Jeff Bezos can be supposed to be the pioneers of development, visionary and decided characters to achieve an adjustment in the manner business functions.... It, some way or another neglects to clarify the equivalent in the event of individuals who have the characteristics of administration however are not the pioneers (Leader today, 2012). Possibility Theory: This hypothesis accepts that there is no single answer for administration qualities as it might change now and again. The style of administration may change starting with one structure then onto the next relying upon the circumstance. This hypothesis underlines on the two authority styles, the assignment situated and individuals arranged (McShane, Glinow, and Sharma, p. 465). Further, administration approach is supposed to be influenced by different interior and outside elements. Situational Theory: Situational hypothesis of authority admonishes that for a decided initiative the two important viewpoints to be considered at the hour of dynamic are the board and administration deed. This hypothesis includes four styles of authority which are in particular: Delegating, Telling, Partici pating and Coaching (Betathetapi, n.d). Social Theory: This hypothesis advances the possibility of authority based on standard of conduct delineated by the pioneers in different circumstances. This hypothesis additionally comprise four differentiating authority styles and these are: Responsibility of assignment, Responsibility of individuals, Directive Leadership, and Participative Leadership (Infed, 2011). Transformational Theory Transformational pioneers not just contribute towards the development thriving of the association yet in addition instill the organisation’s social and different qualities in their supporters (Marquis, Huston, 2009, p. 43). Fair Leadership Theory Democratic authority style empowers and supports the individuals. It puts stock in making a situation in the association where the representatives are propelled to entertain themselves with building

How to Survive an Oxbridge Interview

How to Survive an Oxbridge Interview How to Survive an Oxbridge Interview You really don’t have to be superhuman  to get into Oxford or Cambridge. It’s undeniably a tough process, but if you manage to get to the interview stage, all that’s left is to shine brilliantly.  How? Well, here are my top interview tips for how you can do your best in the days before and during your Oxbridge interview.1.  Prepare: Read around your subject The more you read around your subject, the better you’ll be at responding to unexpected questions, and showing off just how passionate and interested you are.  Don't leave it to the last minute though â€" I remember having to cram a huge textbook within the space of a week. Very bad idea.  2.  Re-read your personal statementI recall spending hours writing my Oxbridge personal statement, only to forget all about it until right before the interview. This is not a good thing to do!Your personal statement is the part of your application where you really get the chance to express your love for your subject. Reading it again should help you focus on why you want to study your subject â€" and why you are the best applicant to do so.  You’ll also be expected to be able to talk about anything you’ve mentioned in your statement during the Oxbridge interview, so make sure you’re ready for that.3.  Ask questionsObviously don’t just ask questions for the sake of it â€" that could get p retty annoying! But asking carefully chosen questions shows you can think critically, and that you have a drive to learn. What teacher wouldn’t like that?Present yourself as a curious and inquisitive student who is open-minded and logical. Don’t be afraid of challenging what the question is really asking, or to step back and think out loud during your Oxbridge interview.  Most of the time, tutors are interested in your ability to learn, rather than the facts you already know.  Developing the habit of questioning different things about your subject is also a great mentality for learning, no matter where you go for university or future studies.4.  Try not to worry!It’s useless to waste time or energy worrying about the outcome â€" easier said than done, I know...  One good thing is that Oxford and Cambridge have a ‘pooling system’, which aims to ensure the best candidates will get in, either at their first-choice college or a different one.  Personally I learned that worryin g simply  is not  useful at all. It only makes you disorientated and unable to focus.5.  Don't believe the myths  Yes, some Oxbridge professors are ‘eccentric’, but you’re really unlikely to be faced with anything too strange!  And while it can be useful to hear about other people’s experiences, remember that each interview is different, depending on the subject and individual tutors.  So even if your friend’s sister’s cousin’s brother was asked an unusual question about aliens invading the earth in his psychology interview (true story), you probably won’t get the same one!6.  Eat a good breakfast  It’s vital to eat something filling and healthy before your Oxbridge interview. This is not the time to go on short-term diets or crazy binges.  My interview was at 9:30am, so I had to get up very early to have a hearty breakfast, drink some coffee (only do this if it’s your usual routine â€" caffeine can affect people differently!) and travel to the college.  Having t oo many carbohydrates will probably make you sleepy. Make sure you get enough protein and fiber, which helps keep you full and awake when your interview comes.  Bonus tip: Smile!I can’t stress how important it is to smile during your interview. No one likes to teach someone who is serious all the time!  As someone who has gone through the process, all that's left to say is good luck, have fun, don't forget to stretch those smile-making facial muscles â€" and try to enjoy the experience!

What is a merger - Free Essay Example

The project deals with the analysis of mergers and acquisitions in an FMCG sector. Products which have a quick turnover, and relatively low cost are known as Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). FMCG products are those that get replaced within a year. A merger is the combining of two or more companies, generally by offering the stockholders of one company securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock. This project deals with the merger of Procter Gamble and Gillette, acquisition of Balsarashygiene and home product by Dabur and Acquisition of Nihar brand from HLL by Marico. The methodology deals with the various ways in which the data for this project was collected. Due to the limited scope of information and time constraints, secondary and not primary data sources has been used including journals, articles, reference sites, etc. The project guide proved very vital in the successful completion of my report. The next section deals with the individual introduction of both companies involved in the process of merger. It further includes the different terms of the merger and various synergies created through the merger. Furthermore the next section deals with scenario after the merger and analy sis of financial statements of acquiring company post merger. Building a brand from scratch in the FMCG space can be quite an expensive exercise. Mature categories such as personal care or household products are already dominated by one or two strong incumbents and wresting market share away from them is quite a challenge. With growth rates in markets such as skin care, hair care and household products suddenly moving into high gear, companies also cannot afford to lose time on the trial-and-error method that usually accompanies new launches. Given this scenario, domestic players seem to view brand acquisitions and mergers as the quickest way to step into new categories and acquire a well-rounded product basket, without squandering their surpluses on brand-building expenses. Market shares apart, many of the buyouts have been motivated by the need to acquire better distribution reach whether within India or overseas. Introduction I. MERGER A merger is the combining of two or more companies, generally by offering the stockholders of one company securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock. A merger occurs when two or more companies combines and the resulting firm maintains the identity of one of the firms. One or more companies may merge with an existing company or they may merge to form a new company. Usually the assets and liabilities of the smaller firms are merged into those of larger firms. Merger may take two forms- Merger through absorption Merger through consolidation. Absorption: Absorption is a combination of two or more companies into an existing company. All companies except one lose their identity in a merger through absorption. Consolidation: A consolidation is a combination if two or more combines into a new company. In this form of merger all companies are legally dissolved and a new entity is created. In consolidation the acquired company transfers its assets, liabilities and share of the acquiring company for cash or exchange of assets. II. ACQUISITION A fundamental characteristic of merger is that the acquiring company takes over the ownership of other companies and combines their operations with its own operations. An acquisition may be defined as an act of acquiring effective control by one company over the assets or management of another company without any combination of companies. III. TAKEOVER A takeover may also be defined as obtaining control over management of a company by another company.Merger of Procter Gamble Company and Gillette CompanyAbout the merging companies: Procter Gamble Procter Gamble Company is asoap opera. PG was named 2008 Advertiser of the Year by Cannes International Advertising Festival. Effective July 1, 2007, the companys operations are categorized into three Global Business Units with each Global Business Unit divided into Business Segments according to the companys March 2009 earnings release. Beauty Care Beauty segment Grooming segment Household Care Baby Care and Family Care segment Fabric Care and Home Care segment Health and Well-Being Health Care segment Snacks, Coffee, and Pet Care segment PG has gone into an aggressive mode. It has launched two new variants on 2nd Dec 2009, one in the detergent segment, which is called Tide Naturals and also another one in skin care segment under the Olay brand. Gillette Company The Gillette Company is a globally focused consumer products marketer that seeks competitive advantage in quality, value-added personal care and personal use products. It is the world leader in the mens grooming product category as well as in certain womens grooming products. Although more than half of company profits are still derived from shaving equipmentthe area in which the company startedGillette has also attained the top spots worldwide in writing instruments (Paper Mate, Parker, and Waterman brands) and correction products (Liquid Paper), toothbrushes and other oral care products (Oral-B), and alkaline batteries (Duracell products, which generate almost one-fourth of company profits). Gillette maintains 64 manufacturing facilities in 27 countries, and its products are sold in more than 200 countries and territories, with more than 60 percent of sales occurring outside the United States. The Merger: On October 1, 2005, Procter Gamble finalized its purchase of The Gillette Company. As a result of this merger, the Gillette Company no longer exists. Its last day of market trading symbol G on theOral-B, among others, which have also been maintained by PG. The Terms of the Merger: Date of merger: The merger came into effect from July 1st, 2007. The new company formed : The Gillette Companys assets were initially incorporated into a PG unit known internally as Global Gillette. In July 2007, Global Gillette was dissolved and incorporated into Procter Gambles other two main divisions, Procter Gamble Beauty and Procter Gamble Household Care. Gillettes brands and products were divided between the two accordingly. The Share Swap Ratio : Under the deal announced, Procter Gamble will pay 0.975 share of its common stock for each share of Gillette common stock. On Wall Street, shares in Gillette closed up nearly 13%, while PG slid 2.1% after the announcement. The Management: Gillettes chief executive James Kilts is to join the board of the merged company, becoming PG vice chairman, while PG chief executive A.G. Lafley will remain chief executive of the merged company. Examining the merger: Type of merger: Procter Gamble being number one in consumer products went into acquiring and merging with other companies like, Germanys Wella AG hair care line in 2003 and it also acquired Clairol for its hair-care lines and Iams Co. for its pet foods. The merger in question; between Procter Gamble and Gillette is thus a merger where the acquiring company is expanding in size of operations and also product offerings. This is thus a horizontal merger. Operational Synergies of the merger: The merger of the two companies will create the worlds largest consumer products conglomerate. Both companies are strong, diversified companies, so one wonders what uncaptured synergies there could be here. PG is adept at taking innovations from one product and transferring it to another product, so there may be opportunities to improve existing Gillette products. In addition, the companies are stating that the merger will give them more negotiating power with the most powerful buyer of consumer products. The deal would give the company even more control over shelf space at the nations retailers and grocers, real estate that is at a premium. Executives at the companies said they believe theyll both be able to grow faster together than separately, with PG opening doors for Gillette in markets such as China and Japan while Gillette bringing PG some product segments that are growing faster than the companys overall current portfolio of products.The merger will make PG the worlds bigge st household goods maker, pushing Unilever into second place Financial Synergies: The merger would create a company with revenues of more than Rs.2700 billion that would have even greater clout against mass-market retailers like Wal-Mart Stores Inc., which have been pressuring consumer product suppliers to keep costs low. Because of expectations from the deal, PG raised the annual revenue growth outlook to 5 to 7 percent, rather than its earlier target of 4 to 6 percent. The companies said they expected cost savings and synergies of about Rs.630 billion to Rs.720 billion US over three years. PG and Gillettes combined market capitalization of about Rs 8325 billion US, would be by far the largest in the FMCG sector. HR Synergies: As part of the cost-cutting that would follow the deal, the merger would result in the elimination of about 6,000 jobs, or 4 percent of the combined work force of about 140,000. It said most of the cuts would come from eliminating management overlaps and consolidation of business support functions. Gillettes chief executive James Kilts is to join the board of the merged company, becoming PG vice chairman, while PG chief executive A.G. Lafley will remain chief executive of the merged company. Scenario Post Merger: Procter Gamble is the worlds largest producer of household and personal products by revenue, with its products reaching 4 billion people worldwide and its product line includes 23 brands across beauty, healthcare, and food including Tide detergent, Pampers diapers, and Gillette razors, that generate over $1 billion in revenue annually, with the companys total revenue at Rs.3555 billion in 2009.In 2005, PG expanded its portfolio to include razors and blades as well as batteries with its acquisition of the Gillette Company.The companys 2010 first quarter net income fell 1% to Rs.148.95 billion (Rs.46.35 per share) as higher prices offset lower sales volumes and foreign exchange effects, beating analyst expectations of Rs.43.65 per share. Revenue fell 6% to Rs.891.45 billion, though organic sales rose 2%. One of the key areas of growth for the company is in emerging markets worldwide. Sales in developing nations have increased steadily from 20% of total revenue in 2002 to 32% in 2 009.PG already owns large and growing market share in countries includingglobal economic downturn, PG has announced it will focus its growth strategy on emerging markets, opening almost all of its 20 new manufacturing facilities outside its established markets. Procter Gamble attempts to maintain its competitive edge by focusing on product innovation. To this end, PG spends almost twice as much on research and development spending Rs.90 billion in 2009 as its closest competitor, Unilever, spent about Rs.58.5 billion USD in 2008.Through itsConnect + Developinitiative, PG looks to bring in new product ideas from outside the company. Connect + Develop has led to the development of 42% of new PG products in recent years. In fiscal 2009, PGs Net sales fell 3% to Rs.3555 billion driven by a 3% decline in unit volume and a 4% decline in net sales from the rising US dollar. Organic sales, a closely watched figure which excludes the impact of acquisitions, divestitures, andforeign exc hange, increased 2%, which is below its target organic sales range of 4-6%.Earnings for fiscal 2009 increased 11% to Rs.603 billion. In July 2009, CEO A.G. Lafley stepped down from his post after 29 years with Proctor Gamble.He was succeeded by current COO Bob McDonald.The company expects sales to be up 0 to 3% in fiscal 2010,with sales back up in the fall of 2009, fed by price cuts, new products, and value-focused promotions. PG divides its business into three Global Business Units (GBUs) that develop and produce products and its corporate group which handles the operation and administration of the company. Beauty (33% of 2009 sales, 36% of 2009 net income): The Beauty GBU includes all hair and skin products, medications, razors, electric shavers, and batteries. This business unit includes several product lines acquired when the PG bought consumer products company Gillette in 2005. Proctor Gambles global market share in blades and razors is 70%, primarily centered on its Mach3, Fusion, Venus, and Gillette brands.In June 2009, PG further expanded its mens grooming business with the acquisition of the high-end shaving company The Art of Shaving and the mens skin care line Zirh. Health and Well-Being (21% of 2009 sales, 24% of 2009 net income): The Health and Well-Being GBU provide oral care, feminine health, pharmaceuticals, snacks, coffee, and pet care products. In oral care, the company has the number two market share position at 20% globally.In potato chips, the companys Pringles brand holds a market share of approximately 10%. Household Care (46.8% of 2009 sales, 43% of 2009 net income): The Household Care GBU manufactures a wide range of products from laundry detergent to diapers. The companys baby care market share in 2008 was 29%. Post mergersegment wise information of Procter Gamble Company Net Sales (Rs. M) % Total Sales Net Earnings (Rs. M) % Total Earnings Sales Growth from 2008 Billion-Dollar Brand(s) Beauty 845505 23.6% 113895 22% -3.72% Head Shoulders, Olay, Pantene, Wella Grooming 339435 9.5% 67140 13% -8.61% Gillette, MACH3, Braun, Fusion Health Care 613035 17.1% 109575 22% -6.55% Actonel, Always, Crest, Oral-B Snacks, Coffee, and Pet Care 140130 3.9% 10530 2% -35.82% Iams, Pringles Fabric and Home Care 1043370 29.1% 136440 27% -2.71% Ariel, Dawn, Downy, Tide, Duracell, Gain Baby and Family Care 634635 17.7% 79650 16% 1.48% Bounty, Charmin, Pampers Corporate -59805 -1.7% -9045 -2% -6.74% TOTAL 3588660 99.1% 508185 100% -4.50% 23 brands over $1B Business Growth and Divestitures Folgers Sale On June 4, 2008, PG sold its Folgers coffee unit toJ.M. Smucker Companyfor Rs.132.75 billion.As part of the deal, PG shareholders will receive a 53.5 percent stake in Smuckers and the company will assume Rs.15750 million of Folgers debt. Gillette Acquisition Procter Gamble acquired Gillette in 2005 for over Rs.2250 billion in its largest acquisition to date. In 2004, the last full year before the acquisition, Gillette generated over Rs.450 billion in sales, about Rs.270 billion of which came from razors and Duracell and Braun products and the remainder sourced from the Oral-B brand, which was moved into the Health Well-Being segment. A key piece of the acquisition beyond Gillettes product lines was its distribution network and supply chain. Gillettes distribution network and supply chain in emerging markets had been extremely successful for Gillette and, once acquired, has worked to complement PGs own distribution network. Sale of Pharmaceutical Unit In 2009 PG sold its pharmaceutical unit to Warner Chilcott Plc for Rs.139.5 billion in cash.The company expects to book a 43 cent per share earnings boost in Q2 of fiscal 2010 as a result of the sale.The deal allows PG to focus on its personal care, beauty, and household product divisions. In 2006, the company started winding down its discover-phase pharmaceutical products in favor of licensing late-stage compounds, and announced in 2008 it would exit the drug industry entirely. PG 2008 Net sales by Geographic Region(Post merger) PG has a well-established market presence in developed countries such as the United States and Western Europe and is looking to its presence in emerging markets. In fiscal 2009, 32% of total net sales came from developing nations,a figure that has increased steadily from 2002 when sales in developing nations accounted for only about 20% of total revenue (approximately Rs.360 billion). In China and Russia, PGs market share has been consistently increasing in the past five years as Procter Gamble has put an increased emphasis on establishing its products in those markets. In 2008, the companys distribution network reached 800 million people in China and 80% of the population in Russia. PG has created products designed specifically to target developing nations. The average Mexican spends about Rs.9000 a year on PG products, Chinese per-capita spending is only about Rs.135 and India per-capita spending Rs.45.Increasing sales in China and India to the levels in Mexico would add Rs.1 800 billion in sales to the companys overall revenue. Research Development focuses both inside and outside the company In 2009, PG spent approximately Rs.91.8 billion on Research Development, nearly Rs.45 billion more than its closest competitor, Unilever.The two most important factors in PGs innovation process are its practice of consumer demand research and its Connect and Develop RD structure. First, when entering new markets, PG sets up in-home visits with consumers in order to fully understand the needs and desires consumers have for household and personal products. This way, PG gets directly to its customers and is able to cater to their needs. PG also incorporates consumers input into the RD process through its Connect and Develop initiative. Through Connect and Develop PG has an online interface set up where people can submit product ideas and provide input on topics that PG places on the web-portal. PG staff then sorts through the ideas and work with the most promising ones. This process is not responsible for the entire RD that PG does, but approximately 42% of new products in the last s everal years were influenced by or originated from Connect and Develop. Tide Stain Release, a stain-removing detergent released in July 2009, has garnered 10% market share in the US as of November 2009.The Bounce Dryer Bar, an automatic laundry freshener released in August 2009, has captured 7% of the North American fabric sheet market as of November 2009. Commodity Prices A diversified consumer products manufacturer, PG depends heavily on a wide basket of global commodities for manufacturing its goods, the prices for which have risen nearly 50% since 2002. Nearly half of the companys cost of goods is directly related to commodity goods. The company has increased prices due to higher costs of oil and other raw materials. In its conference call, the company stated that it expected raw material costs to increase Rs.135 billion in 2009.The company has raised prices on Cascade dishwashing detergent, Iams pet food, and Gillette razors to counter the increasing cost of oil in the first half of 2008.PG instituted broad price adjustments in Q1 2010 to close widening price gaps in several businessesincluding North American laundry, tissue, andtowel, and several Eastern European markets. Competition Procter Gamble provides the broadest and biggest portfolio of products in the household and personal care industry with 24 billion-dollar brands. PG generates 43% more revenue than its closest competitor,LOreal, and Reckitt Benckiser. Procter Gamble Competitors(2006-2007) Revenue (Rs. M) Net income (Rs. M) Operating Margin RD Spending (Rs. M) RD as % of Total Revenue Revenue Growth from 2006/2007* Major Brands/Products Procter Gamble 3757635 543375 20.46% 100170 2.67% 9.00% Pantene, Crest, Tide, Downy, Bounty, Folgers, Gillette, Duracell Unilever NV (UN) 2632860 270990 13.05% 56880 2.16% 1.37% AXE, Lipton, Slim-Fast, Vaseline, Dove, Ben Jerrys Clorox Company (CLX) 237285 20745 13.14% 4995 2.11% 8.79% Clorox Laundry Bleach, Pine-Sol Cleaner, Glad Plastic Bags, Brita Water Filters Kimberly-Clark (KMB) 821970 81990 14.32% 12465 1.52% 9.07% Huggies Diapers, Kleenex Tissue, Scott Paper Towels Colgate-Palmolive Company (CL) 620550 78165 19.24% 11115 1.79% 12.68% Colgate Toothpaste, Colgate Toothbrushes, Irish Spring Soap, Palmolive Soap, SpeedStick Deodorant Loreal (LRLCY) 1117890 174150 20.21% 36675 3.28% 8.06% Garnier Fructis, LOreal Paris, Maybelline, Ralph Lauren Here are somekey factsabout the two firms. Cincinnati-based Procter Gamble was established in 1837 and made its name selling soap and candles to U.S. government soldiers during the civil war. Boston-based Gillette spends around Rs.2700 million annually on advertising. In May the razor-maker paid a reported 40 million pounds (Rs.3393 million) to sign international soccer star David Beckham to a three-year deal as its global face. Procter Gamble employs a workforce of 110,000 worldwide and has a market capitalization of Rs.6345 billion. Gillette employs 29,400 employees worldwide and has a market capitalization of Rs.2025 billion. Gillettes profit beat market expectations last October after Hurricane Ivan spurred the buying of Duracell batteries. Limitations: Due to lack of data the financial statements analysis of Procter Gamble was not carried out. Conclusion Thus the acquisition and integration of Gillette was the largest and most successful in the history of Procter Gamble. PG acquired Gillette, which is best known for its shaving products, in 2005 for Rs.2565 billion. The merger between Procter Gamble and Gillette is a horizontal merger where the acquiring company is expanding in size of operations and also product offerings. The merger created various synergies like financial, operation and human resource synergies. After the merger Procter Gamble integrated systems in 26 countries, spanning five geographic regions, representing about 20% of sales. Gillette is a catalyst that makes PG a better brand-builder and a stronger innovation leader. There is no doubt that PG and Gillette are stronger together than alone, and both the companies together can deliver accelerated growth targets over the balance of the decade. Acquisition of Balsarashygiene and home product by Dabur About the merging companies: Dabur Company Dabur India Limitedis the fourth largest FMCG Company in India and Dabur had a turnover of approximately Rs.2,834 Crore Market Capitalisation of over Rs 10,000 Crore, with brands like Dabur Amla, Dabur Chyawanprash, Vatika, Hajmola and Real. The company has kept an eye on new generations of customers with a range of products that cater to a modern lifestyle, while managing not to alienate earlier generations of loyal customers. Dabur has global presence in 50 countries; products are available in the markets of Middle East, South-East Asia, Africa, the European Union andAmerica. Dabur is an investor friendly brand as its financial performance shows. The companys growth rate rose from 10% to 40%. The expected growth rate for two years was two-fold. Theres a great sense of responsibility for investors funds on view. This is a direct extension of Daburs philosophy of taking care of its constituents and it adds to the sense of trust for the brand overall. The company, through Dab ur Pharma Ltd. does toxicology tests and markets ayurvedic medicines in a scientific manner. They have researched new medicines which will find use in O.T. all over the country therein opening a new market. Dabur Foods, a subsidiary of Dabur India is expecting to grow at 25%. Its brands of juices, namely, Real and Active, together make it the market leader in the Fruit Juice Category. Dabur Ranked AmongIndias Most Trusted Brands of 2007 By Economic Times-Brand Equity. Products of Dabur Ø Under health care products it has brands like Hajmola, Pudin Hara, Dabur Chyawanprash, Glucose D, Dabur Lal tail,etc. Ø In home care range consist of product like Odinil,Odomos,odopic,etc. Ø Under personal care range it has product like Vatika,Gulabri,Dabur Red Toothpaste,etc. Ø In food range it has brands like Real Active ,HOMMADE-range of ready made pastes, soups, coconut milk tomato puree Ø Dabur has guar gum plant,a natural gum used in foods industrial applications. Ø Dabur also produces ayurvedic medicines. Balsara Company The Balsara Group manufactures and markets its products, in India and Internationally. The Group has a domestic annual sales turnover of Indian Rs. 2 billion, and a rapidly growing international sales turnover of Indian Rs. 350 million. The Group is professionally managed, with manufacturing, sales, distribution and administrative facilities located throughout India, in addition to its international operations. In the Indian market, 60% of the Balsara Groups sales turnover of Indian Rs. 2 billion comes from Personal Hygiene Products (Promise, Babool and Meswak oral care ranges) and 40% is derived from Household Products (Odomos insect repellents, Odonil Air Fresheners, Sani Fresh toilet cleaners and Odopic dish washing products). Balsara has a wide national sales and distribution system that makes products available in 10, 54,000 retail outlets. The system is supported by a distribution network of 4 Zonal Offices, 13 Branches, 24 Regional Warehouses, and 1700 Distributors in 150 0 towns. The mission of the Balsara Group of Companies is to be a leading provider of superior quality personal and household products, ingredients and packaging materials to consumers and customers on the Indian sub-continent and throughout the world. The Acquisition: On January 27, 2005 Dabur India today announced the acquisition of Balsara Hygeine and Home Care businesses for Rs. 143 crores and said it would look at more buyouts to capitalise on the consolidation in the sector. The company board of Dabur approved the acquisition of controlling stake in three Balsara group companies Balsara Hygiene Products, Balsara Home Products and Besta Cosmectics. With the acquisition of the Rs. 143-crore Balsara Group in an all cash deal, Dabur India will have oral care brands such as Promise, Babool, Meswak; mosquito repellents such as Odomos and household products such as Odonil and Odopic under its fold. Dabur India will acquire the entire promoters stake in the three companies 99.4 per cent in Balsara Hygiene, 100 per cent in Balsara Home Products and 97.9 per cent in Besta Cosmetics. The Terms of the Acquisition: Date of the acquisition: The merger came into effect from 1st April 2006. The new company formed : According to the deal Dabur will take full control of Balsaras entire brand portfolio which consists of oral care brands like Promise, Babool, Meswak; mosquito repellants like Odomos and household products like Odonil, Odopic. The deal also includes takeover of Balsaras operations consisting of three manufacturing facilities at Kanpur, Silvassa and Baddi and about 600 employees. Dabur India will also acquire the entire promoters stake in the three companies 99.4 per cent in Balsara Hygiene, 100 per cent in Balsara Home Products and 97.9 per cent in Besta Cosmetics. The Share Swap Ratio : Under the deal announced, Dabur India Ltd will acquire Balsaras hygiene and home product businesses in an Rs 143 crore all-cash deal. While Rs 120 crore will be funded through internal accruals, the balance Rs 23 crore will be raised through debt. Examining the Acquisition: Type of merger: The Rs 1,300-crore fast-moving consumer goods major Dabur India acquired Mumbai-based Balsara Hygiene and Home Products in an Rs 143 crore all-cash deal. The merger in question; between Dabur India and Balsara is thus a merger where the acquiring company is expanding in size of operations and also product offerings. This is thus a horizontal merger. Operational Synergies of the merger: Dabur claimed that the deal would help the combined business to leverage synergies in marketing, sales, distribution and procurement. It will further mark Daburs diversification in the homecare category currently dominated by multinationals like Reckitt Benckiser and Hindustan Lever Ltd. The proposed acquisition will also strengthen Daburs oral care segment in the mainstream white toothpaste market dominated by HLL and Colgate. The problems at Balsara were limited resources, inappropriately deployed; and no benefits of scale. There were several other problems. Wastage was costing Balsara close to Rs 3 crore (Rs 30 million) every year; there were no standard operating procedures for process or finished good checking; and quality control was lax. Even the factory layouts were sub-optimal: too many buildings, leading to waste of power and man and materials movement. After the merger changes were quickly introduced. Decisions about Balsaras three plants at Silvassa (Dadra Nagar Haveli ), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) was taken by the management team of Dabur India.Kanpur was converted into a CF agency; Silvassa now manufactures mainly for Balsaras private label business and Dabur International, taking advantage of its proximity to ports. Even at Baddi some capital investments were put on hold while quality and sourcing were upgraded. The biggest overhaul was in the purchasing strategy previously, critical raw materials such as sorbitol and calcium carbonate were purchased through direct negotiations. Dabur introduced e-sourcing at Balsara, extending the Ariba system of reverse auction it uses to Balsara as well. The result has been that procurement costs have dropped by 6-7 per cent. In fact, the scale benefits from combining procurement and manufacturing processes have helped both outfits. The decision was taken to aggregate the smaller business into Daburs infrastructure, suitable modifications were also necessary. Daburs original distribut ion was along two verticals: Line 1 for health care and Line 2 for personal care. Now, with new product portfolios coming in, a third line was created that looked afterhome care and all oral care (including Daburs range) products. For instance, the Dabur combine now accounts for 11 per cent of the demand for toothpaste tubes, up from 4 per cent pre-acquisition. Financial Synergies: In 2003-04, Balsara had reported sales of Rs 200 crore (Rs 2 billion), with losses of over Rs 8 crore (Rs 80 million). By the following year, turnover had plunged to Rs 150 crore (Rs 1.50 billion), while losses had escalated to Rs 30 crore (Rs 300 million). Dabur wasnt looking for immediate returns on its investment; the blueprint called for breakeven after a year, aiming for sales of Rs 180 crore (Rs 1.80 billion). Balsara Home Products recorded a net profit of Rs 1.1 crore (Rs 11 million) in the first quarter of FY06. Compared to the first quarter of the last financial year, turnover increased almost 52 per cent, from Rs 28.5 crore (Rs 285 million) to Rs 43.3 crore (Rs 433 million). Balsaras oral care range grew 32 per cent compared to last year, while the home care division registered more than 120 per cent growth. The toothpaste portfolio grew at an impressive 33 per cent. Overall, the home care category continues to be one of the strong growth drivers for the company. After th e merger the international business grew 36 per cent, while domestic business grew 11 per cent. HR Synergies: The biggest issue after the acquisition was,of course, people. Dabur already had 2,300 people on its rolls, while Balsara had 600. Given that the new structure didnt have room for duplication something, obviously, had to give. Dabur didnt retrench anybody, but close to 300 people have quit since January. A number of people quit citing locational constraints Balsara is a Mumbai-based company, while Dabur is headquartered at Sahibabad, near Delhi. Still, some areas were integrated smoothly. Balsaras RD team was seamlessly absorbed into the larger organisation while Dabur had no experience in home care, making that divisions contribution invaluable, the oral care research division possessed skills that complemented Daburs own team. The manufacturing facilities didnt pose too many problems, either it helped that neither organisation is unionized. Decisions about Balsaras three plants at Silvassa (Dadra Nagar Haveli), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) were taken easil y. The Kanpur factory was a small scale factory, withJust 10 workers. So the decision to stop manufacturing there didnt cause too much disruption. And since at 100 workers, the Silvassa plant was clearly overstaffed, about 30 were shifted to Baddi a new factory, with just eight employees thus solving two problems. Daburs consumer care frontline has 400 people, of whom 120-odd are from Balsara. Following Dabur policies at Balsara did mean some expense. Salaries were hiked to bring them in line with the Dabur structure; and external consultants were brought in to conduct detailed assessments of all employees and redeployments were made on the basis of their recommendations. Using the train the trainer module, about 55 managers conducted workshops for sales staff across the country. Everything worked out much better than what Dabur planned. Marketing Synergies: Dabur spent more than Rs 170 crore (Rs 1.70 billion) on advertising in 2004, it was able to negotiate far better rates for Balsara advertising. The budget amounted to Rs 40 crore (Rs 400 million) for Balsara. Given its limited resources, Balsara could really focus on only one brand in a year. Balsaras oral care brands stood a better chance of carving out market share for themselves while Meswak is a premium herbal toothpaste, Babool straddles the economy and herbal platforms. Daburs immediate focus was therefore, going to be on Meswak and Babool, and the high margin, high growth home care products.The first step has been to form a consolidated network that effectively covers the entire country while Daburs strengths are in the north and east, Balsara is popular in west and south India. While Balsara concentrated on larger towns with populations of between 100,000- 500,000, Dabur goes further into rural India, reaching towns with populations of even 5,000. Advertising has also been upped for Balsara products including Odonil and Sanifresh, which havent appeared on TV before. The Dabur logo has been included on the Balsara oral care products and consumer promotions are also being planned. Already, Meswaks price has been slashed by Rs 10 to help bring in volumes, while toothbrushes are being offered free with Babool. The home care range, though, will remain independent of Dabur, given the lack of synergy. The sales team will target queues outside theatres and stadiums and offer samples of Odomos, emphasizing the need for out-of-home protection from insects. Scenario Post Merger: The acquisition of Balsara by Dabur came into effect from 1st April 2006. Balsara got fully consolidated within Dabur India, as on September 28, 2006 The Balsara consolidated entity grew by around 30% post acquisition. So Balsara continued its strong growth curve. Dabur Consolidated, which includes financials of Dabur India and its subsidiaries Dabur Foods, Dabur International (and its step down subsidiaries), Dabur Nepal and Balsara recorded a growth of 46.5 per cent in net profit, up from Rs 112.09 crore to Rs 164.22 crore, during the nine-month period ended December 31, 2005. The sales, during the same period surged by 24.3 per cent, up from Rs 1142 crore to Rs 1419.64 crore. During the quarter, the consolidated business posted a growth of 37.6 per cent in its net profit, up from Rs 47.22 crore to Rs 64.94 crore, on a turnover that increased by 26 per cent from Rs 426.6 crore to Rs 537.40 crore. International business, Foods, and Balsara turnaround recorded significan t gains on a consolidated basis. Food business, led by Real franchise, recorded a growth of 48.4 per cent while the International business (including Balsara exports), consolidated under Dabur International, recorded a growth of 40 per cent. Balsara turnaround also played a key role in driving profitability on a consolidated basis. Dabur India results Dabur India which includes the Consumer Care Business and Consumer Health business posted a growth of 30 per cent in its net profit, up from Rs 106.79 crore to Rs 138.86 crore, during the nine month period. The turnover, during the same period, registered a growth of 8.5 per cent, up from Rs 955.95 crore to Rs 1036.99 crore. During the third quarter, the company recorded a growth of 34.4 per cent in its net profit, up from Rs 43.13 crore to Rs 57.97 crore, on a turnover that increased by 10.3 per cent, up from Rs 367.13 crore to Rs 404.84 crore. Health Supplement, Digestives and Hair care businesses recorded good growth despite competitive pressures. The Consumer health business, comprising traditional Ayurvedic medicines business, posted a growth of 31.3 per cent during the nine-month period. FMCG major Dabur India, after the acquisition of Balsara, is looking at growing its share in the Rs 1,900 crore oral care market to 15 per cent in two to three years, besides tapping the US and western European markets in the private label business the acquisition of Balsara has also provided the company with the capacity to go in for private label business for toothpastes. Oral care is the third-largest revenue earner after hair care and healthcare supplements, and accounted for about 20 per cent of overall turnover last fiscal Balsara did extremely well; it grew at around 20% for the home care and the oral care businesses. Comparison of Pre -merger and Post- merger Financial Statements of Dabur India Comparative Analysis Dabur India (Profit Loss A/C) (Rs. in crore) Mar 05 Mar 06 Absolute change Percentage change Income Operating income 1,231.10 1,345.50 114.40 9.29 Expenses Material consumed 546.73 582.43 35.70 6.53 Manufacturing expenses 22.45 27.1 4.65 20.71 Personnel expenses 82.09 98.31 16.22 19.76 Selling expenses 322.3 316.46 (5.84) (1.81) Administrative expenses 76.22 80.24 4.02 5.27 Expenses capitalized Cost of sales 1,049.78 1,104.55 54.77 5.22 Operating profit 181.31 240.95 59.64 32.89 Other recurring income 2.93 1.05 (1.88) (64.16) Adjusted PBDIT 184.24 242.01 57.77 31.36 Financial expenses 4.66 5.73 1.07 22.96 Depreciation 17.1 19.05 1.95 11.40 Other write offs 1.49 4.26 2.77 185.91 Adjusted PBT 160.99 212.97 51.98 32.29 Tax charges 17 25.78 8.78 51.65 Adjusted PAT 143.99 187.19 43.20 30.00 Non recurring items 4.03 1.9 (2.13) (52.85) Other non cash adjustments -0.05 0.21 0.26 (520.00) Reported net profit 147.97 189.29 41.32 27.92 Earnings before appropriation 229.09 314.52 85.43 37.29 Equity dividend 71.59 100.32 28.73 40.13 Preference dividend Dividend tax 9.77 14.07 4.30 44.01 Retained earnings 147.73 200.13 52.40 35.47 Comparative Analysis Dabur India (Balance Sheet) (Rs. in crore) Mar 05 Mar 06 Absolute change Percentage change Sources of funds Owners fund Equity share capital 28.64 57.33 28.69 100.17 Share application money Preference share capital Reserves surplus 309.43 390.54 81.11 26.21 Loan funds Secured loans 15.7 19.23 3.53 22.48 Unsecured loans 32.77 1.25 (31.52) (96.19) Total 386.54 468.35 81.81 21.16 Uses of funds Fixed assets Gross block 317.46 328.23 10.77 3.39 Less : revaluation reserve Less : accumulated depreciation 135.12 142.46 7.34 5.43 Net block 182.35 185.77 3.42 1.88 Capital work-in-progress 9.26 13.07 3.81 41.14 Investments 270.94 275.08 4.14 1.53 Net current assets Current assets, loans advances 253.35 285.68 32.33 12.76 Less : current liabilities provisions 335.16 324.12 (11.04) (3.29) Total net current assets -81.81 -38.44 43.37 (53.01) Miscellaneous expenses not written 5.81 32.87 27.06 465.75 Total 386.54 468.35 81.81 21.16 Notes: 0.00 Book value of unquoted investments 227.12 234.43 7.31 3.22 Market value of quoted investments 46.18 43.43 (2.75) (5.95) Contingent liabilities 175.62 190.02 14.40 8.20 Number of equity shares outstanding (Lacs) 2864.2 5733.03 2868.83 100.16 Common Size Statement Dabur India (Profit Loss A/C) (Rs. in crore) Mar 05 % of sales Mar 06 % of sales Income Operating income 1,231.10 100.00 1,345.50 100.00 Expenses Material consumed 546.73 44.41 582.43 43.29 Manufacturing expenses 22.45 1.82 27.1 2.01 Personnel expenses 82.09 6.67 98.31 7.31 Selling expenses 322.3 26.18 316.46 23.52 Administrative expenses 76.22 6.19 80.24 5.96 Expenses capitalized Cost of sales 1,049.78 85.27 1,104.55 82.09 Operating profit 181.31 14.73 240.95 17.91 Other recurring income 2.93 0.24 1.05 0.08 Adjusted PBDIT 184.24 14.97 242.01 17.99 Financial expenses 4.66 0.38 5.73 0.43 Depreciation 17.1 1.39 19.05 1.42 Other write offs 1.49 0.12 4.26 0.32 Adjusted PBT 160.99 13.08 212.97 15.83 Tax charges 17 1.38 25.78 1.92 Adjusted PAT 143.99 11.70 187.19 13.91 Nonrecurring items 4.03 0.33 1.9 0.14 Other non cash adjustments -0.05 (0.00) 0.21 0.02 Reported net profit 147.97 12.02 189.29 14.07 Earnings before appropriation 229.09 18.61 314.52 23.38 Equity dividend 71.59 5.82 100.32 7.46 Preference dividend Dividend tax 9.77 0.79 14.07 1.05 Retained earnings 147.73 12.00 200.13 14.87 Common Size Statement Dabur India (Balance Sheet) (Rs. in crore) Mar 05 % of total Mar 06 % of total Sources of funds Owners fund Equity share capital 28.64 7.41 57.33 12.24 Share application money Preference share capital Reserves surplus 309.43 80.05 390.54 83.39 Loan funds Secured loans 15.7 4.06 19.23 4.11 Unsecured loans 32.77 8.48 1.25 0.27 Total 386.54 100.00 468.35 100.00 Uses of funds Fixed assets Gross block 317.46 82.13 328.23 70.08 Less : revaluation reserve Less : accumulated depreciation 135.12 34.96 142.46 30.42 Net block 182.35 47.17 185.77 39.66 Capital work-in-progress 9.26 2.40 13.07 2.79 Investments 270.94 70.09 275.08 58.73 Net current assets Current assets, loans advances 253.35 65.54 285.68 61.00 Less : current liabilities provisions 335.16 86.71 324.12 69.20 Total net current assets -81.81 (21.16) -38.44 (8.21) Miscellaneous expenses not written 5.81 1.50 32.87 7.02 Total 386.54 100.00 468.35 100.00 Acquisition of Nihar brand from HLL by Marico About the merging companies: Marico Company Marico is a leading Gazipur. The organization holds a number of brands: Brands held by the organization include: HairCode. Maricos brands and their extensions occupy leadership positions with significant market shares in a number of health and beauty areas. As well as being a producer of consumer products the organization also operates UAE). Hindustan Unilever Limited Company Hindustan Unilever Limited formerly Hindustan Lever Limited, is Indias largest consumer products company and has an annual turnover of over Rs 13,000 crores (calendar year 2007). It was formed in 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited and came into being in 1956 as Hindustan Lever Limited through a merger of Lever Brothers, Hindustan Vanaspati Mfg. Co. Ltd. and United Traders Ltd. It is headquartered in India. The company was renamed in late June 2007 to â€Å"Hindustan Unilever Limited†. In 2007, Hindustan Unilever was rated as the most respected company in India for the past 25 years by Business World, one of Indias leading business magazines. The rating was based on a compilation of the magazines annual survey of Indias Most Reputed Companies over the past 25 years. HUL is the market leader in Indian consumer products with presence in over 20 consumer categories such as Soaps, Tea, Detergents and Shampoos amongst others with over 700 million Indian consumers using its produ cts. It has over 35 brands. Sixteen of HULs brands featured in the AC Nielsen-Brand Equity list of 100 Most Trusted Brands Annual Survey (2008). According to Brand Equity, HUL has the largest number of brands in the Most Trusted Brands List. Its a company that has consistently had the largest number of brands in the Top 50 and in the Top 10 (with 4 brands). Some of its brands include Vim dishwash, Ala bleach and Domex disinfectant.Rexona,Modern Bread and Axe deosprays. Unilevers mission is to add Vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene, and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. The Acquisition: On January 28, 2006, Indias largest consumer goods company, Hindustan Lever has sold its 13 year old hair oil business Nihar to Marico for Rs 240crore. With the hair oil market growing at an average of about 10% it is hoped that Marico will give Nihar a new lease of life. HLL had initiated the divestment as a part of its brand rationalization programme. The process involved competitive bidding amongst select FMCG companies. With this sale, HLL has been able to profitably dispose of its non core business and Marico which otherwise had a market share of 52% in the coconut oil segment will now boast of a 60% market share. The Terms of the Acquisition: Date of acquisition: The merger came into effect from January 28, 2006. The new company formed : According to the deal HLL will envisage a transfer of the IPR and other rights associated with the Nihar brand in India and other parts of the world to Marico. HLL will continue to operate brands other than Nihar in the value added hair oil segment. With this acquisition, Maricos share of coconut oil would go up to 60 per cent from the current 52 per cent and in perfumed hair oil to 60 per cent from 30 per cent. The Share Swap Ratio : Under the deal announced, Indias largest consumer goods company, Hindustan Lever has sold its 13 year old hair oil business Nihar to Marico for Rs 240crore cash deal. Examining theAcquisition: Type of merger: Coconut oil major Marico Ltd has acquired brand Nihar from Hindustan Lever Ltd (HLL) for a consideration of about Rs 240 crore deals. The deal marks HLLs exit from the hair oil category The acquisition in question; between Marico and HLL is thus a merger where the acquiring company is expanding in size of operations and also product offerings This is thus a horizontal merger. Operational Synergies of the merger: The acquisition of Nihar brand by Marico would not only give it a strong position geographically but also a larger product range. As coconut oil and perfumed oils are high margin products, the company would be making a substantial leap in terms of top line and bottom line. Nihars strengths in the East especially its distribution reach, in Bihar and Jharkhand will provide Marico a platform for its other brands. In perfumed coconut oils, Nihar Naturals (Jasmine and Rose) is the national market leader, with significant presence in the East. In coconut oil, Nihars regional strengths will complement Maricos presence in this Rs 800-crore category. Maricos efficient supply chain, larger scale of operations and high focus on coconut oils and hair oils will also enable Marico to drive cost advantages. The acquisition of Nihar will no doubt give it increased penetration into the rural markets. Financial Synergies: Hindustan Lever sold its 13 year old hair oil business Nihar to Marico for Rs 240crore cash deal. After the news of the acquisition shares of Marico moved up by Rs35.65 or 8.85 per cent to Rs.438.3 on the BSE while shares of HLL remained almost unchanged at Rs195.05. With the hair oil market growing at an average of about 10% it is hoped that Marico will give Nihar a new lease of life. Being a profitable brand, Nihars valuation is said to be a multiple of 1.5-2. The total annual turnover of Nihar is Rs 120 crore. Nihar, through its brand Nihar Naturals (Jasmine and Rose), spread over two segments coconut oil and perfumed hair oils has a market share of around 8-9 per cent in the coconut hair oil segment. The brand will add a little over 10 per cent to Maricos current turnover, which stood at Rs857 crore for the nine months ended December 31, 2005. The company posted a net profit of Rs62.9 crore for the first nine months of the current financial year. With this acquisition, Marico s share of coconut oil went up to 60 per cent from the current 52 per cent and in perfumed hair oil to 60 per cent from 30 per cent. The acquisition will help Marico top up its healthy organic growth, as it moves towards target of reaching an Rs 2,000 crore turnover over the next three years. It is learnt that Marico has attached a larger premium to the perfumed hair oil portfolio of Nihar. The acquisition gives Marico a clear leadership in the perfumed hair oil market. Nihar complements Maricos strengths in both coconut oil and perfumed hair oils. Scenario Post Merger: After the acquisition of Nihar brand, Marico Group has crossed the milestone of Rs.1500 crore in turnover and Rs.100 crore in profits. During 2006-07 Marico achieved a turnover of Rs.1557 crore (a growth of 36%) and a profit after tax (PAT) of Rs. 113crore (a growth of 30%). Part of the growth resulted from acquisition; organic growth from the existing business was a healthy 22%. Comparison of Pre -merger and Post- merger Financial Statements of Marico Ltd Comparative Analysis Marico Ltd. (Profit Loss A/C) (Rs. in crore) Mar 06 Mar 07 Absolute change Percentage change Income Operating income 1,045.16 1,373.27 328.11 31.39 Expenses Material consumed 574.06 749.58 175.52 30.58 Manufacturing expenses 45.84 61.08 15.24 33.25 Personnel expenses 62.16 66.83 4.67 7.51 Selling expenses 180.23 251.59 71.36 39.59 Administrative expenses 48.02 55.03 7.01 14.60 Expenses capitalized Cost of sales 910.31 1,184.11 273.80 30.08 Operating profit 134.85 189.16 54.31 40.27 Other recurring income 5.94 9.93 3.99 67.17 Adjusted PBDIT 140.79 199.09 58.30 41.41 Financial expenses 5.02 20.01 14.99 298.61 Depreciation 33.23 35.19 1.96 5.90 Other write offs Adjusted PBT 102.54 143.89 41.35 40.33 Tax charges 7.83 28.43 20.60 263.09 Adjusted PAT 94.71 115.46 20.75 21.91 Nonrecurring items 1.93 -7.14 (9.07) (469.95) Other non cash adjustments 2.22 7.84 5.62 253.15 Reported net profit 98.86 116.16 17.30 17.50 Earnings before appropriation 242.25 307.52 65.27 26.94 Equity dividend 35.96 39.06 3.10 8.62 Preference dividend 1.65 Dividend tax 5.04 5.71 0.67 13.29 Retained earnings 201.25 261.1 59.85 29.74 Comparative Analysis Marico Ltd. (Balance Sheet) (Rs. in crore) Mar 06 Mar 07 Absolute change Percentage change Sources of funds Owners fund Equity share capital 58 60.9 2.90 5.00 Share application money Preference share capital Reserves surplus 219.36 122.59 (96.77) (44.11) Loan funds Secured loans 203.25 50.48 (152.77) (75.16) Unsecured loans 20.26 116.77 96.51 476.36 Total 500.87 350.74 (150.13) (29.97) Uses of funds Fixed assets Gross block 402.11 213.87 (188.24) (46.81) Less : revaluation reserve Less : accumulated depreciation 112.56 118.81 6.25 5.55 Net block 289.55 95.06 (194.49) (67.17) Capital work-in-progress 18.97 8.97 (10.00) (52.71) Investments 36.39 80.91 44.52 122.34 Net current assets Current assets, loans advances 329.35 494.18 164.83 50.05 Less : current liabilities provisions 173.39 328.38 154.99 89.39 Total net current assets 155.96 165.8 9.84 6.31 Miscellaneous expenses not written Total 500.87 350.74 (150.13) (29.97) Notes: Book value of unquoted investments 36.39 80.91 44.52 122.34 Market value of quoted investments Contingent liabilities 16.78 16.18 (0.60) (3.58) Number of equity shares outstanding (Lacs) 580 6090 5510.00 950.00 Common Size Statement Marico Ltd. (Profit Loss A/C) (Rs. in crore) Mar 06 % of sales Mar 07 % of sales Income Operating income 1,045.16 100.00 1,373.27 100.00 Expenses Material consumed 574.06 54.93 749.58 54.58 Manufacturing expenses 45.84 4.39 61.08 4.45 Personnel expenses 62.16 5.95 66.83 4.87 Selling expenses 180.23 17.24 251.59 18.32 Administrative expenses 48.02 4.59 55.03 4.01 Expenses capitalized Cost of sales 910.31 87.10 1,184.11 86.23 Operating profit 134.85 12.90 189.16 13.77 Other recurring income 5.94 0.57 9.93 0.72 Adjusted PBDIT 140.79 13.47 199.09 14.50 Financial expenses 5.02 0.48 20.01 1.46 Depreciation 33.23 3.18 35.19 2.56 Other write offs Adjusted PBT 102.54 9.81 143.89 10.48 Tax charges 7.83 0.75 28.43 2.07 Adjusted PAT 94.71 9.06 115.46 8.41 Nonrecurring items 1.93 0.18 -7.14 (0.52) Other non cash adjustments 2.22 0.21 7.84 0.57 Reported net profit 98.86 9.46 116.16 8.46 Earnings before appropriation 242.25 23.18 307.52 22.39 Equity dividend 35.96 3.44 39.06 2.84 Preference dividend 1.65 0.12 Dividend tax 5.04 0.48 5.71 0.42 Retained earnings 201.25 19.26 261.1 19.01 Common Size Statement Marico Ltd. (Balance Sheet) (Rs. in crore) Mar 06 % of total Mar 07 % of total Sources of funds Owners fund Equity share capital 58 11.58 60.9 17.36 Share application money Preference share capital Reserves surplus 219.36 43.80 122.59 34.95 Loan funds 0.00 0.00 Secured loans 203.25 40.58 50.48 14.39 Unsecured loans 20.26 4.04 116.77 33.29 Total 500.87 100.00 350.74 100.00 Uses of funds Fixed assets Gross block 402.11 80.28 213.87 60.98 Less : revaluation reserve Less : accumulated depreciation 112.56 22.47 118.81 33.87 Net block 289.55 57.81 95.06 27.10 Capital work-in-progress 18.97 3.79 8.97 2.56 Investments 36.39 7.27 80.91 23.07 Net current assets 0.00 0.00 Current assets, loans advances 329.35 65.76 494.18 140.90 Less : current liabilities provisions 173.39 34.62 328.38 93.62 Total net current assets 155.96 31.14 165.8 47.27 Miscellaneous expenses not written Total 500.87 100.00 350.74 100.00 Conclusion From the analysis of above mentioned mergers and acquisition it can be concluded that building a brand from scratch in the FMCG space can be quite an expensive exercise. Mature categories such as personal care or household products are already dominated by one or two strong incumbents and wresting market share away from them is quite a challenge. With growth rates in markets such as skin care, hair care and household products suddenly moving into high gear, companies also cannot afford to lose time on the trial-and-error method that usually accompanies new launches. Given this scenario, domestic players seem to view brand acquisitions and mergers as the quickest way to step into new categories and acquire a well-rounded product basket, without squandering their surpluses on brand-building expenses. Market shares apart, many of the buyouts have been motivated by the need to acquire better distribution reach whether within India or overseas.