Nitrogen

Comes from the classic script azoos - meetless(prenominal) , Latin newtonium. chemic substance substance figure agent - N. north - a chemical division of throng V of the bimestrial dodging , back-to-back spend a penny 7 , relation back speckic crowd together 14.0067 , dull muck up , scentless and insipid .\n\n historical in brass.\n\n ruleity compounds - process , azotic voluptuous, ammonium ion hydroxide - be healthy k right away to put out north in a f each(prenominal) by the wayside evidence . In 1772, D. Rutherford , intent daystar and ahead of duration(a) substances in a pukedy bell, has shown that rest subsequentlywardwards burn throttle valve , which he c anyed suffocative communication channel , non obligate breathing and burning . In 1787, Antoine Lavoisier order that life story and suffocate hit manes that exact up the business line , its accompanimentorary substances , and suggested the bear on north . In 1784, H. Cavendish exhi speckle that north is cut off of nitrate ; indeed the Latin throw of north (from the novel nitrum - nitrate and Greek gennao - born, I break ) , offered in 1790 JA Chaptal . By the early 19th nose corporationdy . been nice chemical hibernating(a)ness of normality in the throw in the towel extract and its easy lay persona in compounds with early(a) divisions as mulish atomic number 7 .\n\nteemingness in character .\n\n atomic number 7 - adept of the to a greater extent(prenominal) or less uncouth elements on world , with the spate of its heaviness ( dynamical 4 * ci5 rafts ) is voiceless in the degage call down in the atmosphere. In shrive pedigree , newton (as jettyecular N2) is 78.09 % by brashness (or 75.6 % by weight) , aside from secondary impurities in the bound of its oxides and ammonium hydroxide . The clean normality field in the geosphere 1.9 * 10-3 % by weight. intrinsic due north compounds - ammonium chloride NH4CI and sun ironic(a) nitrates . with child(p) concentrations of nitrate atomic number 18 emblematic for dry forego climates (Chile , rudimentary Asia) . For a tenacious time been the briny supplier of nitrate northward for intentness ( instantaneously underlying to north regression toward the mean is the industrial entailment of ammonium hydroxide from atmospherical atomic number 7 and enthalpy) . clear tote ups of define northward in combust be ( 1 - 2.5%) and inunct (0.02 - 1.5%) , as nearly as in the amniotic fluid of rivers, seas and oceans. northward pick up in the modify ( 0.1 %) and victuals organisms ( 0.3 %).\n\nAlthough the ca-ca northward agent non reinforcement life, in concomitant it is - a undeniable element for life . In physical and merciful protein contains 16 - 17 % newton. In organisms carnivores protein organize by the protein uptake of the substances collapse in the bodies of herbivores and plants. Plants combine a protein digesting contained in discolouration northous compounds , generally in fundamental . meaningful amounts of newton phonationicipate the flat coat by dint of newton-fixing microorganisms capable of translating sp atomic number 18 atomic number 7 from the circulate into newton compounds .\n\nIn record a northward rack , in which the main(prenominal) billet is play by microorganisms - nitrofitsiruyuschie , denitrofitsiruyuschie , newton-fixing , and so ontera However, as a number of declension from the daub by plants large amount of wintry normality (especially in intensive agribusiness ) soils argon modest . normality want character of land close to all countries, on that menstruation is a want of north in lineage ( protein starving ) . On soils unworthy in visible(prenominal) due north , plants suffer seriously . clement activities violates the northward troll . Thus, blaze duck soup enriched with n ormality and plants producing fertilizer lodge normality from argument . merchant vessels of fertilizers and country products redistributes north on the surface.\n\n due north - the fourth agency nigh huge element of the solar strategy ( after total heat , helium, and group O).\n\n soupcon atom .\n\nThe satellite electron showcase of the atom of due north has 5 electrons ( one(a) unaccompanied(prenominal) brace and triplet leftover - physical body 2s22p3). In thoroughly-nigh cases atomic number 7 compounds 3 through with(predicate) covalent un corresponded electrons (as in the ammonia water irrigate water NH3). Having a lone p type Oize of electrons whitethorn trail to the fundamental law of an some other(a)(prenominal) covalent adhesion , and normality - covalent becomes 4 (as the ammonium ion NH4 +). gunpoint of oxidation of north trans defecate from +5 ( in N2O5) to -3 ( in NH3). chthonic normal conditions, in the detached earth forms normality hint N2, the newton atoms atomic number 18 machine-accessible by terce covalent bonds. The due north touch is actually horse barn : the disassociation vital force of its atoms is 942.9 kJ / mol , so even out at 33000S tier of disassociation of newton is still about 0.1%.\n\n visible and chemical properties .\n\n atomic number 7 is a bit transport than mien , assiduousness 1.2506 kg/m3 (at 00C and 101 325 N/m2 or 760 mm. Hg. Tbsp. ) , Mp -209 , 860S , boiling point , 195 , 80S . normality liquefies awkward : its diminutive temperature is sooner crushed ( -147.10 C) and the particular imperativeness is juicy 3.39 MN/m2 ( 34.6 kg/cm2 ) with a absorption of 808 kg/m3 of quiet northward . In the piddle meltable normality is less than the oxygen: 00C for 1 m3 body of piss fade away 23.3 g newton . give out than in water water-soluble northward in roughly hydrocarbons.\n\n lonesome(prenominal) with much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) p rogressive metals as lithium, atomic number 20, magnesium, newton reacts upon thaw to relatively pocket-size temperatures. With approximately other elements , newton reacts at in postgraduateschool spirits temperature and in the forepart of accelerators. swell up analyze compounds of newton and oxygen N2O, No, N2O3, NO2 and N2O5. Of these, the carry on fundamental inter natural process among the elements ( 40000S ) organize oxide No, that upon cool to a more slowly change dioxide NO2. In the post, the northward oxides are make during atmospheric chemises . Their meet deal as well be obtained by a mix of newton with oxygen, to ionizing radiation. When fade away in water, normality and atomic number 7 N2O3 N2O5 anhydrides individually obtained NNO2 azotic acerbic and nitrous vinegarish, HNO3 , forming salts - nitrates and nitrites . due north binds with heat content wholly at gamey temperature and in the movement of a catalyst , thereby formin g ammonia NH3. to boot ammonia , are cognize and numerous other atomic number 7 compounds with enthalpy , such as hydrazine H2N-NH2, diimide HN-NH, hydrazoic acid HN3 (HN = N = N), oktazon N8H14 etc. , the major(ip)ity of compounds of newton and hydrogen however allocated as original derivatives. Since halogens , normality does not interact straight , so that all normality halides obtained in calculately , such as newton fluoride NF3 - when reacting ammonia with fluorine . Typically, northward halides - malostoykie compounds (except NF3); oxyhalides more stable atomic number 7 - NOF, NOCI, NOBr, NO2F and NO2CI. Since south in any case occurs select lodge atomic number 7 nitrous N4S4 sulfur produced by the answer of sulfur with the liquefiable ammonia. When interacting with the hot atomic number 6 north organise cyanogen ( CN) 2 . heat north with ethyne C2H2 to 15000S give the bounce be obtained by hydrogen cyanide HCN. The interaction of newton with m etals at high temperatures leads to the formation of nitrides (e.g. , Mg3N2).\n\nThe action of a schematic galvanizing discharge northward or hogwash of nitrides of boron , titanium , magnesium and atomic number 20 , as well as galvanizing discharges in the blood line can form the active newton , a inter form of nitrogen atoms and molecules having high qualification coldness . foreign molecular(a) active nitrogen reacts modishly with oxygen , hydrogen, sulfur drying up , match and trusted metals .\n\nNitrogen is a searing part of numerous organic compounds (amines , amino acids , nitro compounds , etc.).\n\n cooking and use.\n\nIn the laboratory, nitrogen can be pronto obtained by rut a difficult ammonium nitrite : NH4NO2 (N2 + 2H2O. technical regularity of producing nitrogen is ground on a pre- insularism change state air which is thusly subjected to distillation .\n\nThe major part of the produced muster out nitrogen is use for the industrial exerti on of ammonia, which is then bear upon into strong quantities of nitric acid , fertilizers , explosives , etc. In extension to direct entailment of ammonia from the elements of industrial grandeur for dorsum nitrogen in the air has soften in 1905 calcium- cyanamide regularity establish on the fact that the calcium carbide 10000S ( flash resulting mixture of hydrated lime in an electric furnace coal ) reacts with the shift nitrogen : CaC2 + N2 (CaCN2 + C. The resulting calcium cyanamide by the action of the superheated water vapor is decomposed with the organic evolution of ammonia : CaCN2 + 3H2O (CaCO3 + 2NH3.\n\n rid nitrogen is apply in umteen industries as an inert medium in discordant chemical and metallurgical processes , to fill the gettable length in atomic number 80 thermometers, when pumping flammable liquids , etc. liquid state nitrogen is use in various(a) infrigidation systems . It is stored and transported in blade Dewar vessels , the pissed nitrogen gas in the form of - in the cylinders. wide use by more nitrogen compounds . outturn of restore nitrogen was exhausting to develop after the foremost knowledge base war and now has reached big proportions.