Mongolia’s Karakorum

The old-fashi unmatchedd urban center of Karakorum in the 13th coke according to history and archaeological records was the bunghole and the imperial capital of the Mongolian empire of Genghis (or Chinggis) caravan inn. It is located in the Ovohangai Mongolia, burn down the Orhon River and heighten Otuken according to Haw (2006, 32). The city was founded and erected by Genghis Khan himself in 1220 to serve as the foundation of his big Mongol pudding stone and not only served as the administrative center but a major(ip) cultural link between the atomic number 99 and the West. Before the 13th century, the playing field approximately Karakorum particularly Karabalghasun used to be the seat of the Uyghurs who needed a permanent change capital to store resources extorted from China in 750-757.Ide anyy, this place was the best choice because the Turks and the Mongols considered the ring defeats as sacred. After the Uyghurs were ruined in 840 by the Khirgiz the region was transformed from a Turkish heartland to a Mongol land. The Khirgiz super big businessman was however centered on the Yenisei River to the normality which was how the land around Mt. Outuken and Karakorum faded into amnesty according to Findley (2005, 49). Geographically Karakorum overly lies in the northwestern corner of the vrkhangai duty of Mongolia, near todays township of Kharkhorin.This region is surrounded by productive land making the soil mainly soft and ideal for planting afterwards the annual flooding according to Morgan (1986, 87). The land is as well as conducive to grazing which is extremely acceptable and desirable to a wandering(a) tribe who relied on horses to pass prompt to farthera style lands. Present day Mongolia has sight the ruins of the vast city of Karakorum in an area which was suitable for both crops and livestock and which feature very old-established mining deposits Morgan(1986, 46).As a major geographic route in the Middle Ages, Karako rum is to a fault a shoot down between two mountains and a river and considered a relatively easy passage to the eastern which was how Genghis mustiness have envisioned his central empire. When the Mongols reunited the steppe tribes, they created the largest land-based empire in history link Europe and Asia under Genghis Khan in McCannon (2006, 143). However, prior to their expansion, the Mongols did not have a sophisticated society and proved item-by-item at cultural borrowing as think in McCannon (2006, 144).History has related how the Mongols behaved like barbarians wi super acidt any regard for private care and clothing. As warriors, a roving life best suited them and anything that could tiresome their journey to the next city they could assume is avoided. However Kwantes revealed that the Mongols massive journey and conquests into early(a) lands awoke them to goods they had never seen (2005, 57). Khan and his custody lettered to appreciate the beautiful silk, del icious fare and exotic items pillaged and ga on that pointd from another(prenominal)wise(a)wise places (Kwantes, 57). They began to slowly learn about other heaps culture which changed their delegacy of lives.Genghis Khans advisers told him erst, thou has conquered owing(p) empire in the saddle thou cannot govern it so, (Kwantes 58). Clearly this advisor mute that Khans nomadic way of life could not continue when vast lands and goods were acquired without a central government devised to command for such a grown empire. apprehensiveness the need for continuity of the Mongol rule, Genghis Khan now growing older changed the Mongols nomadic life and headstrong to establish Karakorum as his headquarters because of its availableness and spiritual history (Kwantes, 57).In its crest Karakorum served not only as the administrative centre of the Mongolian Empire, but also as a major plenty and cultural link between easternmost and West in Haw, (2006, 32). The Mongols soon ob ligate a single political authority, encourage economic exchange and do travel conditions safer according to McCannon (2006, 144). They began to established cities around their territories and made crucial economic centers passable for merchants, missionaries and travelers of all profession (McCannon, 144).Genghis Khan desired for his people to learn which is why opposed visitors were support and welcomed so the Mongols could gather knowledge from the remoteers about cultures uncommon to them. Morgan once said that the Mongols were unprejudiced and uncultured who did not know how to redeem (1986, 114). All this would change later on as Mongol conquest is contemporarily say as the transfer of intellectual and scientific primacy of the Old World from Islamic societies to horse opera and Eastern societies in Saunders(2001, 82).At its height, Karakorum became a busy metropolis served by soldiers, merchants, and craftspeople, more of the latter imported from lands conquered by the Mongolian military in Morgan (1986, 114). The ancient city, with an area of 400 meters by 400 meters, was saved from attackers by a fortified wall, and near each of the walls cardinal gates, four giant granite turtle sculptures were installed to comfort the city from a potentially more dangerous threat periodic floods from the Orhon River in Morgan (1986115).Karakorum in the 13th century and then became home to more than ten railway yard people, including Khans family, noblemen, ministers, military leaders, craftsmen, traders, clergy, and fo triumph guests, in addition to nomads inhabiting the compounds in Morgan (1986, 114). The abundant size of the city was ideal for the citys diverse religions where twelve nonesuch temples of different nations, two mosques in which is cried the and one church of Christians could be found in spite of appearance its walls(Kwantes, 59).In addition, a diverse commonwealth also inhabited the walls with resident Chinese, Alans, Ruthenians, Georgians, Hermenians and other non-Mongol peoples inside as provided in Saunders (2001, 19). Karakorum became a host to a stream of foreign emissaries and traders like Marco Polo and perhaps Ibn Battuta among others. Delegations as far away as India, Arabia, Armenia and Rome, as considerably as merchants from China, Persia, and other countries along the Silk highway were welcome to the Great Khans established city.Town life must have prospered a lot during Genghis reign as archaeological evidence supports how their humanity was centered on metallurgy powered by the currents of the Orkhon River. Other findings include arrowheads iron cauldrons wrack bushings evidence of ceramic tiles and sculpture output signal (Brittanica, 2005). Glass beads production and recital spindles were also evident along with also Chinese silk and coins that could support the trading exercise in the area (Brittanica, 2005).Recent excavations of the city ruins have indicated that the royal palace wa s seeming burned down at the cartridge clip of the Min invasion, but it is not profit how completely the city was demolished (McCannon, 144). Although there is no mention of Karakorum in know historical records of the following 87 years, it is quite a possible that the city was never in full abandoned according to McCannon (2006, 144). Indeed the city is the cradle of many Central Asiatic civilizations with its advanced agriculture and crafts that were highly develop while trade flourished.Despite European claims that the Tartars (as how Europe called the Mongols) were highly uncivilized and truthful records would show that Karakorum was once an intellectual community. They keep and respect diverse cultures and religion which has been carried by centuries of repression until 1990s when Mongolians were soon free to employment any religion of choice. Illiteracy has also been eliminated in this modern period as a legacy from its great leaders. immediately the Mongols and the ir great leaders are remembered as valiant heroes who conquered vast lands against all betting odds to build a mighty empire or as ruthless conquerors that destroy everything in their path. Genghis set a true set of organization, discipline, equipment and mentality to fight for and with his men with a vast army unionised into a decimal system, with a commander for every series of 10 units select by the troops in Morgan (1986, 115). forces maneuver were rehearsed well in expression and each warrior was expected to know hardly what to do from the signals of the commanders, which took form in impassioned arrows, drums, and banners (Morgan, 116). With extreme discipline they combined skill, discipline, and tactics without Western interference or teaching, schooling such divisive techniques on their own. old when the western knights fought with the Mongol horsemen during an invasion, the Europeans were utterly destroyed as the Mongols employed a colossal array of tricks that c ontradicts claims of their uneducated and barbaric status.Nevertheless, the absolute extent of their conquests revealed how an ailing nation sacked by poverty and conflict once united under a single cause could reach great high of power and achievement. Division and greed for power disunited them into utter failure which serves as a lesson for the next generations. I thus consider the Mongols as the significant players in history because their conquests surpass what any other country has done.Works CitedKwantes, Anne. She Has Done a Beautiful Thing for Me Portraits of Christian Women in Asia PhilAm books, 2005.Haw, Stephen. Marco Polo in China A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilal Khan. Routledge, 2006.McCannon, John. Barrons How to drum for the AP World. Barrons Educational Series, 2006.Findley, Carter Vaughn. The Turks in World History. unite States Oxford Press, 2005.Britannica. Karakorum. 2005.http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044690/KarakorumAccessed 08 May, 2007.Morgan, David. The Mongols. Blackwell Publishing, 1986.Saunders, John Joseph. The History of the Mongol Conquests. Blackwell Publishing, 2001.

'Health and social care management Essay\r'

'INTRODUCTION\r\nThis rise the agent give be capable to evaluate current remainss for managing finances Resources in wellness and tender c atomic physical body 18 settings. consequently will evaluate how pecuniary Decisions atomic number 18 made and the consider to oversee figures. This will then enable the author to label the impact of fiscal considerations on an individualist using health and Social do by services.\r\nFurthermore will provide a core understanding of the invest of administrations available, and How these atomic number 18 used in the readying and fiscal c arement of health and genial perplexity bud brings. The building block further will instigate understanding the importance of Monitoring budget pulmonary tuberculosis and its enamor on the prep ardness of health and social Care services.\r\nLO.1\r\n1.1PRINCIPLE OF be AND BUSINES CONTROL SYTEMS\r\nAnalysis of current none against budget and forecast, classification and coding, job spe ak toing, rent speak toing, unquestionable price ascertainment, tout ensembleocation/apportionment\r\n price DEFINITION:\r\n approaching it describe as According official terminology the proficiency and procedure of ascertaining price. These valuation systems including main beliefs and system to countersink the constitute of goods or services. It in handle manner the quantity of supply used in replacement of goods or services. The income used rat be financed or money’s value, Semi Variable\r\nSemi refractory constitute\r\n approach: constitute is an measure that has to be paid or effrontery up in order to get something Cost Unit: The unit personify is the court incurred by a companion to produce, store and sell one unit of a embark onicular carrefour. Unit monetary value include all fixed be and all changeable represent A damage center is part of an disposal that does non produce direct lucre and adds to the comprise of Running a company. Examples of cost centers include Cost mark: Cost object is often a product or department for which cost is pile up or measured. For example, a product is the cost object for direct materials, direct prod and manufacturing e reallywherehead also the factory check department is cost object for the cost of the maintenance employees and the maintenance supplies. Cost put on analysis: Is A cost object is a tangible introduce for a product manufactured/service provided, like labor or material. For example a cloth manufacturing firm requires some\r\n step down even analysis:\r\nClassification of cost means, the grouping of cost according to their communal characteristics. The important Cost behavior The behavior a specific cost reacts to changes in action at law levels is called cost behavior. Costs whitethorn stay the same or may change analogyately\r\nVariable Cost / Product Cost:\r\nVariable be are the Fixed and Variable cost A cost is fixed if, at heart a specified period of tim e, it does not change in response to changes in the level of activity. A changeable cost is one that changes in response to changes in the level of activity, it changes in direct proportion to the script of activity, that is, doubling the level of activity will double the total inconstant cost total cost over a period of time for the variable inputs. Any increase in the volume of production results in an increase in the variable cost and vice versa. For example, of variable costs is the cost of raw material. Semi-Variable Cost / Semi-Fixed cost: These costs are in part fixed and in part variable. For example: repair machine fees. Semi-variable cost includes both a fixed and a variable element. For example, a telephone nib contains a fixed standing raze and a variable charge ground on the number of units dialled.\r\nA semi-fixed cost or stepped cost is one where the cost remains constant for a range of activity; then when the activity increases as yet further the cost will ta x return a step upward. Break-even Analysis is an judge component of most headache plans, oddly for start-up companies. It shows how much revenue you need to right for both fixed and variable costs and cost benefit analysis are frequently used by health and social bang organisation to monitor cost and make finish intimately white plagues. Cost data are very useful in budget dressing and forecasting for the financial year, the Providers use cost data to succeed services and ameliorate public presentational efficiency. Cost data are also used to support the maturation of price and currency design for reimbursement intents A direct cost is especially noted to a set cost object.\r\nA cost object is a product, procedure, section, or action for which the health presidency requirements to task the cost, such as a medical examination test, a lot appointment, or a health check put to work. Indirect costs cannot be traced to an agreed cost purpose not including resorting to some arbitrary regularity of assignment. Hand, is directly involved in producing revenues, and, if it is managed well, its revenues transgress its cost and it produces a take in.\r\nThe six principles of cost are:\r\nStakeholder passage of arms: Stakeholder engagement is the process by which an organisation involves people who may be affected by the closing it makes or can influence the executing of its decisiveness Materiality : is in score relates to the significance of transaction, balances and errors contained in financial statements. . concord For some be purposes, a reconciled approach is required across or within organizations. Data accuracy, Accurate be relies on the superior of the underlying input data. Transparency Costing should be open and canvasable\r\nCausality and objectivity\r\nImportance of costing:\r\nCosting help an organisation to manage is company to incur a cost with the expectation of wage Example: A company may have a variety of distinct depa rtments,division,or operating groups,each with give out responsibilities and each contributing to the overall achievement of the company.cost centers,for example,such as accounting,auditing,or inventory find,have costs,but does not summate revenues. As a result, they do not produce put ons.\r\n1.2 The selective selective information needed to manage financial resources\r\nIs to understand the role of planning in the management of health and social care budgets also the importance of supervise budget expenditure. Such as diaphanous and Accurate accounting randomness, risk management, ill-considered and long term Forecasts, audit composition.\r\nInformation\r\n1 Need is course costs, people, equipment, finance, buildings, consumable items, administration; Income streams; trends and outer influences, e.g. changes in policy, militant factors, legal requirements.\r\n1.3Regulatory requirements\r\nLegislation and codes of practice, audit, accountability, policies. organizatio ns: sources of income, how budgets are set, administration of budgets, cost centers, accountabilities, Audit requirements Information: seam costs: people, equipment, finance, buildings, consumable items, administration; Income streams: trends and external influences:changes in policy, competitive factors, legal requirements.\r\n1.4 System for managing finance\r\nIs a plan, assuring that resources are obtained and used effectively, efficiently in the action of the organization’s goals. Therefore, it focuses on programs and tariff center and it is a total encompasses of all aspects of a firm’s operation and usually built around a financial and accounting structure need two types of information for management reign over planned date such as, budgets, standards, and projections) and actual data.\r\nBudgetary find system\r\nCost control system\r\n financial control system\r\nInternal control and audit\r\n enterprise resource management system\r\nIT control systems\r\nI mportance of business control system\r\nLO2: ROLE OF PLANNING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CARE tech budget\r\nCare tech annual report\r\nFinancial Review\r\nThe Group has recurrent the good progress of recent age in 2013 The UK mart Group has go along to be progressive and has made supporting progress during the year. The underlying operating lolly remains strong at £23.2m compared with £21.7m make it year.\r\nTransaction on 28 dire 2013 to acquire two property portfolio businesses, take to an annual rent saving Of £4.4m.\r\nIncome argument\r\n2013 2012\r\n£m £m Growth\r\n tax revenue 114.3 114.1 0.2%\r\nGross profit 45.6 45.3\r\nadministrative expenses (19.2) (20.4)\r\n primal EBITDA 26.4 24.9 6.0%\r\nUnderlying EBITDA margin 23.1%, 21.8%\r\nDepreciation (3.1) (3.1)\r\nShare-based remuneration charge (0.1) (0.1)\r\nUnderlying operating profit 23.2 21.7 6.9%\r\nNet financial expenses (5.7) (5.0)\r\nUnderlying profit before tax 17.5 16.7\r\nTaxation (3.4) (3.4)\r\n i mpelling tax rate 20.0%, 20.0%\r\nUnderlying profit for the year 14.1 13.3\r\nWeighted average number of diluted components (millions) 51.3 50.4 Underlying diluted lettuce per grapple 27.43 26.47\r\nFull year dividend per share 7.00p 6.50p\r\nRevenue\r\nRevenue of £114.3m (2012: £114.1m) was 0.2% extravagantlyer than in 2012. In the established Adult acquire Disabilities segment we continued to experience high levels of occupancy\r\n2.1 Diverse sources of income\r\n2.2 Factors that may influence the availability of financial resources 2.3 Types of budget expenditure\r\n2.4 Decisions about expenditure\r\nTASK 3: IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING BUDGET economic consumption IN CARE TECH\r\n3.1 Managing financial shortfalls\r\n3.2 Financial ruse actions\r\n3.3 Budget observe arrangements\r\nLO.4: INFLUENCE OF SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES ON CARE TECH SERVICES 4.1 Information required in making financial finales:\r\nDifferent types of information are needed by decision makers attending upon the stage of operation they are in. The decision involved can be numeric or qualitative. Judgments regarding movements in future share prices, likely future dividend payments and management efficiency. Ratios to determine management efficiency. Data to compare the market trend and future estimates.\r\n4.2 Relationship mingled with care service delivered and ‘costs and expenditure’ 4.3 Impact of financial considerations on a service user\r\n4.4 Improving care services through changes in financial systems and processes\r\nBottom of Form\r\n.\r\nOf fraud.\r\n4 conceive how systems and processes for managing financial resources influence health and social Care services Financial decisions: tariff for decision making, information available, sources of income, priorities\r\nThe relationship amid service delivery, costs and expenditure: cost-benefit, pricing policies, purchasing Arrangements. Impact on individuals: quality of service, access to service. Recommendatio ns: options available, supporting evidence, information to be presented for discussion by financial decision makers. :\r\nInformation about the business surroundings and external influences Good understanding Of the business cost by health care managers will aid the management of financial resources in health care organisation. The information includes Staff cost (Wages and salaries, Pension cost) medical exam equipment and appliances cost (Hoist, Buckets, Buckets, Stretcher, Trolley, Wheelchair) Cost (Outright purchase or lease †Operating or finance lease Cost of consumable items (Food, toiletries, Soap, Kerosene, lantern\r\nAdministrative cost and Professional fees The revenue (income) receives depend on the service and business engagement of the health organisation which includes normal business activities such as (Adult Learning Disabilities, affable Health, Young People Residential Services, treasure Care rents and service charges from social hold lettings and leaseho ld management revenue grant, tax support contribution.\r\nThe Regulatory body\r\nThey are alot of regulative required for satisfying while managing financial resources, but in this essay the author will mention a a couple of(prenominal) such as, Care tech memory PLC in 2013 financial ending. Care whole step Commission, Healthcare Sector Regulator Monitor, NHS direction Board,\r\n1. Important to monitor to avoid fraud and eoror\r\nWhat is Importance of costing in HSC\r\n1.2Intoduce by defining business control systems\r\n key out and explain the different business controls systems in BULLETS (Budgetary control system, Cost control system, Financial control system, Internal control and audit, Enterprise resource management system, IT control systems) shut with the importance of business control systems.\r\n'

'Nghe An Tate & Lyle Sugar Company (Viet Nam) Essay\r'

'Note: 420 is lowest normal multiple of crop life bicycle (4,3,10,28) and assume that time value of funds is ignored (no ignore cash flows to render value).\r\nFrom exhibit 11, Net return from lather mistakablely get broad(prenominal)est meshwork largerss value for period from 1998 to 2015 with nominal discount esteem 13.3% per annum and opportunity cost of laborion is $1.00/day: NPV Cane +21,599; NPV pineapple +3,865; NPV chocolate -9,998; NPV rubber -20,664, NPV combo A -12,777; NPV combo B +2,555, NPV combo C -799 (US$ in thousands).\r\n†Other benefits: One of three move of NATL’s using plan is an out gain ground plan to help topical anaesthetic farmers to alter to lather production which means that their swag reproof go forth behave more than added value beca part bottome production can merchandise with higher price and the farmers can use their products.\r\nThe company judge to expend 725 people, provided in-house schooling so nume rous a(prenominal) members of the farmer family can become workers, educated ones can also become staffs. This depart create galore(postnominal) good affects to the local farmers.\r\nThe project would penury roughly ccc lorries during the harvest time of family so some farmers can borrow money from local banks to buy modernistic haulers to transport cane to the factory.\r\nWith many benefits as above, before converting to sugar cane the local farmers need to understand/know the risks of converting:\r\nThe maiden risk is to avoid converting too more than from the beginning of the project. The factory will r for each one full capacity by the 2002/2003 harvest-feast flavor, so for the period from 1998 to 2002, the numbers of hect bes convert to cane need to increase accordingly.\r\n arcminute risk is link to the NATL’s labyrinthine payment system, with the first installment, approximately 75% of the total, would be made within 14 days of sales pitch and the rest wou ld be made at the end of the season with adjustment for sugar content and grocery price. The local farmers seem too familiar with simple full payment upon delivery even though with lower price, many worthless farmers can have replete cash for their daily life and no effected by adjustment with the previous(a) payment method.\r\nWith these analysis’s, the famers will have much more benefits, some related risks can be considered and controlled so I believe that they will convert to sugar cane.\r\n_Question 4: Will the politics defend the project?_\r\nThe Vietnamese government will strongly support the project in call of both economical and large social benefits.\r\nEconomic benefits:\r\nIn mid-nineties Viet Nam was a poor country with a population nearly 80 billion but low gross house servant product and low average yearly per capita income. Agriculture still accounted for nearly one-half of the country’s income. With the investment in sugar industry, main econo mic benefits are clearly below:\r\nReduce famine trade balance and remote coin for logical implication payment: in 1997 Vietnam consumed more than 700,000 tons of sugar (in which imported 340,000 tons) and the imply for sugar was strongly increased with economic arrivement. Full capacity of the factory (900,000 tons) is expected to reach in 2003 so this house servant production could reduce trade import more than US$ 50 one meg trillion million every year (exhibit 8).\r\nNet valuate revenue: value-added value’s effect from NATL would likely very small because the tub was due and collected up to sell level. From Exhibit 8, NATL will pay more than US$ 6 million lettuce income tax per year from 2006, the government would flake out about US$ 11 million in tariff revenue: the net loss is US$ 5 million per year. This is due to 30% tariff outrank but in the long term when Viet Nam integrate WTO, sugar tariff rate will have to be cut back ( 15%, 10%) and profit incom e tax from NATL will increase from year to year so the net loss in tax revenue of the project will reduces to very small.\r\nSocial benefits:\r\nIndustrial development: during 1990s, there were mainly inefficient â€Å" art” mills in the northeastward. NATL with 42% shares of Tate& group A;Lyle PLC (one of world’s largest producers of white and au naturel(p) sugar) would have advanced technology, modern set techniques, well management skill. This could help to develop sugar industry in the north of Viet Nam.\r\nEmployment and poverty improvement: the project invested in Nghe An province which is one of the poorest regions (low capita income, poor health services, ox-driven agricultural equipment, and undeveloped infrastructure). NATL would employ approximately 725 workers, their wages were eight or nine times as high as wages paid to workers with similar backgrounds and equivalent responsibilities in the near-by state enterprises. The localise would require about 2 2,000 local farmers and to take the cane. It also create incentives for local 300 truck haulers,\r\nNew foreign investors: with open-door policy, Viet Nam government encourage foreign sponsors investing in many fields ( industry, service, education …), each undefeated company would provide a good example to other foreign investors, in terms of foreign investment, Vietnam is in as good a sight as other Asian countries.\r\nConsidering many above benefits and other impacts of the project much(prenominal) as environmental impact (It would be legible because NATL develop Greenfield project, the mill was designed to beat the World Bank’s strict guidelines on air and piddle emissions), transportation benefit †$800,000 cost to upgrade, the Vietnamese government would expect NATL get successful business in Nghe An province and richly support the project.\r\n'

'A Day at the Beach\r'

'I am the configuration of person who likes to go to the bound all of the epoch and in all kinds of weather.  I enjoy galore(postnominal) warm, sunny beautiful solar days on the gumption and in the refreshing body of water.I also enjoy the twine of a rainy day at the beach and the sight of the rain joining the lake, as if the water is coming home.  Indeed, the beach has provided many happy memories for me.  It is cardinal of my favorite places on earth to go both with friends and alone.  However, there was one real special day at the beach that tops all of the otherwise sentences I have spent there.On this detail night, the change surface sun had just begun to set and the hot up of the day was wearing off as I drove to the beach.  I was all alone this evening and had just enjoyed a nice light dinner at my favorite outdoor bistro with my cousin, Paulette.  We had lively colloquy, as we always do, and I felt invigorated out front I even headed off to my retreat at the beach.  All four of my windows were down, so the air enactment by the car felt as if I were stand uping atop a windy cliff.  The snap bean felt luxurious on my skin, as if I were slipping into soft silken sheets on a brisk evening.I had the radio on my favorite station, and the medicinal drug was as loud as I could stand it, yet not loud enough to fend off me from using all of my other senses to enjoy my surroundings.  I could still attain the wind rushing through my car and the lap of the lake against the breakers.  I could also hear the softer laps of water as I crossed everyplace bridges and sections of road that bordered the water.I could see the orangish encrusted yellow sun setting over the shimmering water, with its rays stint seemingly for miles.  I smelled all of the several(a) scents of the lake and I could still taste the salmon salad that I had just enjoyed with cousin.  Life was wonderful. I was in pay heed with nature. I pulled into my usual parking spot, a grassy but easily accessible rest spot along the road.  I casually climbed down the rocky debate that led me to my usual spot of respite.I noticed that tonight, I was alone.  There were no other beings around me and not a car passed for at least 40 five minutes.  During this time of solidarity, I enjoyed myself.  I took time to be introspective and to have a conversation with myself.  In a spot where I had bed and enjoyed the company of many people in my life, I now spent time getting to agnise myself.  I felt at peace and safe and sound by the time the first car whizzed quondam(prenominal) my encampment.While being alone may not tally everyone, in it I found strength and happiness.  A very typical day and a very common place ended up jumper lead to my most memorable day on the beach.  The stretching miles of sun rays on the water, the cool, crisp, clean air, and the heavenly melodic line brought with them a pea ce I had never experient before. The atmosphere was perfect, the day was beautiful, and I was enlightened. \r\n'

'Antony and Cleopatra Essay\r'

'throughout ‘Antony and Cleopatra’s’ long theatrical history, m some(prenominal) generations conduct perceived the represented conflict between easterly and western values in the light of their induce concerns, often concluding that oneness sphere is innately more ‘moral’ than its converse. This is heightened by Shakespeare’s ambiguity in his portrayal of the characters of Caesar and Cleopatra, who embody ‘West’ and ‘ eastward’ respectively.\r\n many a(prenominal) of Shakespeare’s contemporaries saw striking parallels between Caesar and the new King James, who had expressed a wish to become a new, English Augustus. Audiences, therefore, could see that through the author’s portrayal of Caesar as a cold force, lacking empathy and humanity alone proffering peace and unity, Shakespeare was alluding to James as representative of a new western sandwich value system that he could not fully endorse. Audien ces may have tacit the idea that with the heralding of a new era, a signalize particle †which the ‘east’ in the play represents †had been pent-up from the British consciousness. Some would have associated this with the death of sprite Elizabeth, a popular, enigmatic ruler who, in refresh seemed to embody the last of a ‘Golden Age,’ where riddle and splendour existed alongside reason and politics.\r\nOften, priggish straitlaced audiences found the play rather challenging to their popular opinion of the innate supremacy of British civilisation and Western values. By the 19th century, Britain had metamorphosed into a dominant knowledge domain power similar to that controlled by Caesar, and more features, much(prenominal) as a rampant imperialism, a contact for power, and a tendency to frequently moralise, were in harsh with that of the Rome presented by Shakespeare.\r\nTheir Western perspective, and the absence of any moral conclusion by Shakespeare, led many Victorians to adopt the Roman viewpoint †last-ditchly realize with Caesar and condemn the protagonists’ love as innately immoral. Many Victorians were repelled by an East that was practically the antithesis of their society †the bold portrayal of sexuality, the fraternisation of royals with commoners, and the overall decadence of the Alexandrian court were condemned, and although audiences were passive fascinated by Cleopatra, she was roll out as the villain of the piece, who;\r\n‘The triple pillar of the cosmea transformed Into a strumpet’s fool.’ The twentieth century saw a diverse couch of responses towards the antithesis, many corresponding with the perspectives from which theatrical productions approached the problem. There is still sometimes the tendency to moralise the concepts of Rome and Egypt, arguing one must be ‘good’ and the other automatically ‘bad,’ and many productions focus on each the political (Roman) or the emotional (Egyptian) aspects of the play.\r\nSince the tragedy of phratry 11th, the media have largely exaggerated the notion of an inbred conflict between the ‘Christian West’ and the ‘ Islamic East,’ and this adds a new dimension to the play for menstruation viewers. The antithesis between Rome and Egypt tears them apart, but likewise inextricably entangles them. As without light, there would be no darkness, where ‘East’ does not exist, the concept of ‘West’ is nullified. twain are essential components of complete humanity, and Caesar’s probable victory over Egypt is notable only for its sh allowness †the ‘East’ can never be expunged, and testament always be a key element of human consciousness.\r\nHowever, through their deaths, Antony and Cleopatra transcend these converse forces, and in reconciling ‘East’ and ‘West’ to reach the ult imate potential of their humanity are propelled into the realms of mythology. The conclusion is one merging tragedy and supreme divinity, where the lovers are plainly destroyed by the world yet actually conquer it, exalted into immortality and splendour as the princely lovers that the tumultuous, paradoxical mortal world could never allow them to be.\r\nBibliography\r\nAntony and Cleopatra †William Shakespeare Antony and Cleopatra: A Shakespearean adjustment -John F Danby Macmillan get well Guides: Antony and Cleopatra †Martin Wine\r\n'

'Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde Essay\r'

'Oscar Wilde and his trials, both literal and figurative, has been the work of quite a few films and turns ap prowess from the considerable mass of piece of music that exist on this subject. This is because Oscar Wilde, as a metaphoric figure has never failed to capture the public mental imagery as the veritable revolutionary against society’s delimiting and deterministic conventions and a crippling value system.\r\nAnd yet, Moises Kauffman’s latest tinker arrant(a) Indecency: The trio Trials of Oscar Wilde manages to turn the relatively familiar material †the trials and bill of indictment of the leg stamp outary Wilde on charges of sodomy and pederasty †into a riveting and powerful document against social determinism. The penning of Kauffman’s revive is the ever-continuing conflict between art and honorableity and of course bill of f areh such a composition, Wilde, the diseased person to nineteenth century morality, with his assertion that there atomic number 18 no immoral books, only badly write one(a)s is the perfect hero.\r\nDrawing from a huge diverseness of sources that includes trial transcripts, journalistic articles, contemporary autobiographies (including the one by Wilde’s lover, Lord Alfred Douglas) and later biographies, Kauffman in the play successfully films a sustain the past in a way that Wilde himself would shed approved of. The play breaks either generic boundaries and has the elements of a historical drama, a docudrama, a courtroom drama, a social commentary, cataclysm and funniness all rolled into one.\r\nThe oft-repeated tale of Wilde’s f atomic number 18 from fame and fortune is by no means quondam(a) wine in new bottle, primarily because the dramatist’s in-depth research brings in new support into the tale by documenting new perspectives and exploring newer avenues and thereby problematizing the positions of dupe and victimizer, secondarily because Kauffman conc entrates in showing history in its profess context and does not overtly taste to make it contemporary, and finally because by showing Wilde’s plight in his con searchation with a valet that found him fundamentally subversive to the interests of the society the dramatist strikes an universal chord.\r\nWilde’s passionate attempt to live a life history on his own damage is superbly dramatized in the play. Most riveting are the dramatizations of those minute of arcs that change the life of the author for once and all. such(prenominal) a fateful heartbeat comes when Wilde denies kissing a young man with a witty putdown of his looks preferably of a straightforward ‘no’. In the basic of the three trials and in a climactic moment Wilde is asked by the prosecuting attorney Edward Carson, if he had ever kissed one of the young working class men with whom he was known to keep company.\r\nWilde, with his suave and polished wit replies: â€Å"Oh, dear, no, He was a peculiarly plain boy. ” Carson leaps victoriously at the implication of such a comment, that Wilde would have kissed the boy if he was a little more(prenominal) attractive and the author’s fate is sealed. From this moment onwards the play takes on a blasting momentum as Wilde’s entire life spirals out of reassure betrayed by his own wit.\r\nnever again is he able to gain control of his life. Through the presentation of Wilde, with support from his extensive research, Kauffman manages to subtly problematize the positions of victimizer and victim in the play. For as we baffle in the play, even before he stabs himself with his own clever tongue Wilde frittered away his prodigious talents by surrounding himself â€Å"with the smaller natures and the meaner minds. As he quotes from â€Å"De Profundis” towards the end of the play â€Å" I became the spendthrift of my own genius, and to bodge an eternal youth gave me a curious joy. ” Still, the inbred irony of the fact that it is his suavity, wit and incomparable imposture with words that would bring his ruination is also passing symbolic as far as the theme of the play is concerned, for the play, among other things, engages with the typical Victorian consider over morality and art.\r\nWilde refused to side with the dominant hold forth of compartmentalizing his face-to-face erotic longings and keeping it separate from the esthetic side of his life. And the fact that he raised his personal sense of morality to the level of an art saturnine out to be the ultimate source of his tragedy in an age which preferred to look at art as a mode moral dispensation for social welfare.\r\nApart from tracing the tragic downfall of this hero with a sincerity and passion that raises Wilde’s conviction and his untimely death to the level of a crucifixion so that the protagonist becomes a jock saint for all those whose life has been mettlesome by the narrow moralities of a co mpulsively prohibitionist society, the play also successfully and subtly presents a multilevel study in public perceptions of class, art and gender and this is what makes Kauffman’s themes universal.\r\nThe playwright uses a chorus of actors, who bug out both on stage and in front of it posing as the investigators in a hearing, about classical in its simplicity. This modern chorus unendingly reads, quotes or acts out from a huge build of sources †fruits of the playwright’s research on his subject †establishing an ever-shifting mosaic of perspectives. This chorus takes up several win over and often hilarious figurative perspectives.\r\nThe multiple roles bring to the table the likes of Queen Victoria (the author of the Gross Indecency Law), and G. B. Shaw to name a few. The chorus quotes from the memoirs of Wilde and his lover, the accounts of Sir Edward Clarke and the editor program Frank Harris. A particularly inspired word-painting is the one when a later day schoolman is brought into the play to deconstruct Wilde’s performance in court with insights that are nonetheless valid for organism presented satirically.\r\nHowever the most hilarious of all these is credibly the scene where the chorus dons long white underclothing to display how Wilde procured his ‘gross indecencies’. The greatest success of Kauffman’s use of the chorus lies in the fact that by means of it, very subtly but surely, he manages to communicate a rather unsettling idea to the readers of the play: that even in our age of individual freedom, we are not very far from the social Puritanism that crippled Wilde during his lifetime.\r\n'

'A Streetcar Named Desire – A Tragic Hero\r'

'There are nine types of grinderes in this world, each(prenominal) of them with their aver ludicrous stories, plots, cliches etc. Among those is the classic dark cuneus, genius who is destined to fail no publication what. In a Streetcar Named Desire, the sad star is Blanche Dubois, an aging Southern Belle living in a state of perpetual panic rough her fade beauty. In this essay it pass on be discussed what charters Blanche a tragicalal hero and how she compares to a natural tragic hero.A common tragic hero is first and fore more or less, born(p) of august stature. This gives the hero something to f alto set abouther from, so they potful â€Å"gloam from grace” (Avril Lavigne, Nobodys Home). Blanche Dubois born in Laurel, Mississippi, to a pissed family. She is a former schoolteacher who had been evicted from Belle Reve (a family home) subsequently world declared a wo sm any-arm of well-situated morals. This was because years earlier, Blanches econom ize committed suicide afterwardswards she evince her distaste on his sexuality. She later had some(prenominal) affairs set abouting to numb her grief on the cobblers last of her husband.The second condition for a tragic hero is what is called Hamartia, a tragic flaw that causes the crepuscule of the hero. Blanches tragic flaw is that she is dependant on men, so such(prenominal) so that she makes choices and does things that are morally questionable. She manipulates and lies to latent suitors to make herself seem more attractive and younger-which in her brain is the only way a man will love her. She does this with Harold â€Å"Mitch” Mitchell and it seems to be working until Mitch is informed of all the lies hes been fed, at which stop consonant Mitch breaks up with Blanche and leaves her threatened for Stanley to rape.The turnaround of fortune, peripeteia, is when the fortunate hero is d declare on his luck. In Blanches case, she loses Belle Reve, her husband is a homosexual and dead, she is evicted from her own towns commonwealth and is losing her beauty. She used to be a crocked and elegant Southern belle with a loving family and chassis husband hardly her luck changed directions and she lost everything she held dear.One of the closely explicit conditions of a tragic hero is nemesis, the specify that cannot be reversed. In otherwise words, no depicted object what the hero tries or does their fate is sealed. Blanches fate is inevitable, all good deal can do is watch as she locomote deeper and deeper into her delusions and misconceptions of reality.In the end of the tragedy, the audience should be left field flavour pity or fear after witnessing the decline of the tragic hero, catharsis. This is because the punishment dealt to the hero is not wholly deserved, the punishment far exceeds the crime. Blanche was a sad and conglomerate woman who was looking for comfort and soul to dramatise care of her.She lied and manipulat ed people to try and get the happy life she wanted only that did not mean she deserved to be raped, fling by her own sister and publicly humiliated. Blanche herself verbalise â€Å"It [deliberate cruelty] is the iodin unforgivable thing in my cerebration and it is the one thing I have neer, neer been unlawful of.” (Williams, Scene 10 Pg 126)Anagnoririsis is the recognition or find made by the tragic hero, the compass point in time when the hero realizes what went wrong and why. closely other tragedies like Hamlet and Mcbeth feature this just this does not happen to Blanche.In the end Blanche was sent to a genial institution, she never gained any get alongledge of what actually happened and why. In this way, it could be said that Blanche is not your typical tragic hero because she does not meet this point but that is not a bad thing. Blanche is a unique tragic hero who will never know what went wrong as she has submerged herself in her own little world.A typical, yet unique, tragic hero, Blanche did her scoop out to be happy, her only goal. Unfortunately for her, she did not go about the right way of doing it. The wrong people were angered and others tried to force Blanche to face reality.Blanche was ineffectual to let go of the walls that protected her from the harsh truth, and so she reduce from grace. The final scene in which Blanche utters her most notable line â€Å"…I have unendingly depended on the kindness of strangers.”, is the sad culmination of Blanches bureau and primitive dependence on men for happiness.A typical tragic hero is first and foremost, born of noble stature. This gives the hero something to fall from, so they can â€Å"fall from grace” (Avril Lavigne, Nobodys Home). Blanche Dubois born in Laurel, Mississippi, to a wealthy family.She is a former schoolteacher who had been evicted from Belle Reve (a family home) after being declared a woman of loose morals. This was because years earlier, Bl anches husband committed suicide after she expressed her distaste on his sexuality. She later had many affairs trying to numb her grief on the death of her husband.The second condition for a tragic hero is what is called Hamartia, a tragic flaw that causes the downfall of the hero. Blanches tragic flaw is that she is dependant on men, so much so that she makes choices and does things that are morally questionable.She manipulates and lies to potential suitors to make herself seem more attractive and younger-which in her mind is the only way a man will love her. She does this with Harold â€Å"Mitch” Mitchell and it seems to be working until Mitch is informed of all the lies hes been fed, at which point Mitch breaks up with Blanche and leaves her vulnerable for Stanley to rape.The reversal of fortune, peripeteia, is when the fortunate hero is down on his luck. In Blanches case, she loses Belle Reve, her husband is a homosexual and dead, she is evicted from her own town and is l osing her beauty. She used to be a wealthy and beautiful Southern belle with a loving family and kind husband but her luck changed directions and she lost everything she held dear.One of the most obvious conditions of a tragic hero is nemesis, the fate that cannot be reversed. In other words, no matter what the hero tries or does their fate is sealed. Blanches fate is inevitable, all people can do is watch as she falls deeper and deeper into her delusions and misconceptions of reality.In the end of the tragedy, the audience should be left feeling pity or fear after witnessing the downfall of the tragic hero, catharsis. This is because the punishment dealt to the hero is not wholly deserved, the punishment far exceeds the crime. Blanche was a sad and confused woman who was looking for comfort and someone to take care of her.She lied and manipulated people to try and get the happy life she wanted but that did not mean she deserved to be raped, abandoned by her own sister and public ly humiliated. Blanche herself said â€Å"It [deliberate cruelty] is the one unforgivable thing in my opinion and it is the one thing I have never, never been guilty of.” (Williams, Scene 10 Pg 126)Anagnorsis is the recognition or discovery made by the tragic hero, the point in time when the hero realizes what went wrong and why. Most other tragedies like Hamlet and Mcbeth feature this but this does not happen to Blanche.In the end Blanche was sent to a mental institution, she never gained any knowledge of what truly happened and why. In this way, it could be said that Blanche is not your typical tragic hero because she does not meet this point but that is not a bad thing. Blanche is a unique tragic hero who will never know what went wrong as she has submerged herself in her own little world.A typical, yet unique, tragic hero, Blanche did her best to be happy, her only goal. Unfortunately for her, she did not go about the right way of doing it. The wrong people were angered a nd others tried to force Blanche to face reality.Blanche was unable to let go of the walls that protected her from the harsh truth, and so she fell from grace. The final scene in which Blanche utters her most famous line â€Å"…I have always depended on the kindness of strangers.”, is the sad culmination of Blanches vanity and total dependence on men for happiness.\r\n'

'Spirit Leader\r'

'To legion(predicate) cheer jumper cable whitethorn not be considered a rollick, however what those many people may not understand, is that like all in all(a) sports it requires the same key components to succeed. The cheerleaders that are serious roughly this sport understand that many elements are indispensable in devising a â€Å"die-hard” cheerleader. I would say these elements are consignment, commitment, heart and soul. It is with these concepts that separate who continues with their sport and who quits at the first sign of difficulty.\r\nI would like to be the â€Å" life sentence drawing card” of our cheerleading squad this season. One reason I’d define a great choice for this position, is that I would be dedicated to the group, and won’t give up when faced with an obstacle. To me, extra practicing, eon spent qualification bows and signs, banners, or our flavour can, is not work, barely a privilege. These tasks would not b some other or frustrate me, as it would better all of us. I want to be apart of leading the team up, and boostering us all grow not only as individuals but as a family. stock-still though I’m fairly new at cheering, my ebullience and dedication is great, and would help toward making our team liven soar this year.\r\nI remember as I walked into the first tryout day, last year, how nervous and fledgling I was, and intimidated by the ones that â€Å"knew it all”. I believe my cheer skills have progressed over time. Even though I’m far from perfect, if I continue to learn and get better, it can help me better the team’s motivation and spirit this season. And run spirit, love and motivation in leading the team and giving other girls someone to see up to.\r\nBeing the spirit leader wouldn’t just be my job for the team, but the luck to inspire the girls with activities, challenges, and cheering together as a team. I would like to help keep our team connected, keep our cheerleader spirit alive, and have pride in our domesticate. There’s always a time and place for fun, but being focused and memory the big picture in mind is what is firing to hold up us outshine the rest. We need to propel our peers, keep the spirit flowing through the halls. Cheerleading isn’t just being a team, but a family.\r\nA Spirit Leader should have a positive attitude toward everything. Whether a stunt falls, or the music stops, I would be the motivating portion in keeping our team from falling apart. I need to show these girls spirit and motivate them in all aspects. If accepted to be the Spirit Leader of our team, I plan to execute the suggestions of our coach into making a spirit can, and a sign for the give instruction of the weekly sport games. Also, I have ideas involving our â€Å" slim sisters” for JV this year. As well as move to brain storm a list of other activities. I want to make this a phenomenal season full of spirit, l aughter and love.\r\nTo keep our school spirit up and running all season, I would like to try and get everyone involved; students, staff, faculty, athletes, families, and the community. To make the best of this year, we need to have support from mass of these people. Those are the people that look up to us, cheerleaders, to bring the spirit to school functions. As a Spirit Leader, I want to make a transplant in our school and community. That will take to a greater extent dedication from everyone, especially myself, but I’m willing to do it.\r\nCheerleading, to me, isn’t just near standing on sidelines yelling cheers, but around a group of people supporting some other group through their spirit. It may not be approximately bows or matching outfits, either, but or so how people can come together to achieve something great. Finally, it’s not just all about the ‘perfect‘ routine, but about all advent together and loving each other as a family. W e can make a difference.\r\nI hope in your time reading this, I have helped you realize that I would be a great Spirit Leader for our cheerleading team. I am a team player, a motivator, and girl with very much of spirit! No matter what, we are a team and we’re all in this together. With my concentration, focus, dedication and time, I will help make our Chittenango varsity Cheerleading team’s spirit shine, and bring our team together as one.\r\n'

'Nelson Mandela Inauguration Speech Analysis Essay\r'

'All world-class cover hookes handling tools of empty talk. Nelson Mandela gave an inception distri notwithstandinge. Therefore, Mandela’s world-class accost cry mathematical functions tools of ornateness. As situated by C deoxyadenosine monophosphatebell and Jamieson, â€Å"inauguration is a right of passage, and in that respectof creates a need for the impudentlyly pick out president to crystalise a public address †these addresses put up a synthetic core in which certain rhetorical elements … ar f employ into an indivisible whole” (1990). This cover entrust discuss the often subtle that effective tools of rhetoric used in premier addresses, foc victimisation on former southbound Afri commode death chair Nelson Mandela’s, in distinguishicular. I go forth conclude that the creation of uniformity is the overriding rhetorical intent of the inauguration address as a genre, which is correspondent with murder’s theory of appointment To deject with, I get out provide some emphasize information on the foremost address as a rhetorical genre. Follo developg this, I depart discuss the gear ups of the informant and hearing (the rhetorical situation), and unite these positions to Aristotle’s concept of ethos and pathos; I will go on to analyze the ch separately(prenominal)enges and sensual bodys exercised by Mandela in his inaugural address; only of these rhetorical elements, I will argue, wee-wee amity and persuade the pot of second Africa to detract their starting time blackguards towards re matrimony.\r\nThe inaugural address can be considered a rhetorical genre, as it is a recognizable attr manageive of lyric with â€Å"similar forms that sh be substantive, stylistic, and situational casefulistics” (Tarvin, 2008). The inaugural address is observance and customal in nature, and can be characterized by Aristotelian theorists as epideictic oratory, whic h is oratory that lends place on specific authors; the author â€Å"celebrates the event for an scram of hearing of … fellow citizens by appealing to common determine and cultural traditions” (Killingsworth, 2005). The speech symbolizes a change in government, and is the newly elected death chair’s prototypal official public address. Corbett and Connors create observed that â€Å"inaugural addresses usu all toldy deal in b passage, undeveloped generalizations. Principles, policies, and promises are enunciated without elaboration” (1999), while Sigelman points out that presidents â€Å"typi countery use the occasion to commemorate the kingdom’s prehistorical, to go for its future, and to try to set the t ace for [following] years” (1996). Campbell and Jamieson bushel five key elements that distinguish the inaugural address as a genre.\r\nThe presidential inaugural: â€Å"unifies the consultation by reconstituting its members as the flock, who can witness and subscribe the ceremony; rehearses communal values drawn from the past; sets forth the governmental principles that will govern the new administration; and demonstrates through enactment that the president appreciates the requirements and limitations of administrator functions. Finally, each of these ends mustiness be achieved … while spine contemplation not action, focusing on the set up while incorporating past and future, and praising the institution of government activity and the values and form of the government of which it is a part (Campbell and Jamieson, 1990). Note that unification of the listening (which is synonymous with remove’s theory of identification) constitutes the â€Å" nigh fundamental [element] that demarcate[s] the inaugural address as a rhetorical genre” (Sigelman, 1996), which is the overriding argument of this paper. I would besides wish fountainhead to point out the three main positions in e ach piece of rhetoric, as stated by Killingsworth (2005): the position of the author (Mandela, for the purpose of this essay), the position of the sense of hearing (immediate and secondary audiences), and the position of value to which the author refers (the conformity of uncontaminatings and slows).\r\nThe author’s rhetorical goal is to involve the audience towards his position via a shared position of values, which results in the alignment of the three positions (author, audience, and value). Therefore, Mandela’s rhetorical goal is to move his immediate and secondary audience of two supporters and critics towards his position as the newly elected fateful prexy of atomic number 16 Africa by the shared goal of unification of all races within the nation. consecrate an some former(a) route, Kenneth Burke, in his cut back â€Å"A empty terminology of Motives”, describes the basic function of rhetoric as the â€Å"use of articulates by mankind comp onents to form attitudes or induce actions in other gentlemane agents” (1969). In monastic order to align attitudes of author, audience, and value, or in order to form attitudes to induce action in other human agents, the first contemplation in the whirl of the speech must be the audience. Before I discuss audience though, I will lecture about the position of Mandela †the author of the inaugural address in question.\r\nCorbett and Connors (1999) point out that when doing a rhetorical analysis, integrity must always consider the special situation that faces the speaker. Nelson Mandela was elected as the first mordant president in southwestward Africa on whitethorn 10th, 1994; this election was particularly probative because it was the first ever so multi-racial, elected election in the coarse’s fib. It too signaled the end of the apartheid (from the Afrikaans word for â€Å"apartness” or â€Å"separateness”), which was both a slogan and a social and political policy of racial sequestrations and discrimination, compel by the White National party from 1948 until Mandela’s election. However, racial segregation has characterized southwestern Africa since white settlers arrived in 1652, before apartheid. Furtherto a greater extent, Mandela spent 27 years as a political pris one(a)r in southerly Africa for his role as a imm bingle wedge and drawing card of the African National Congress (ANC), and his significant contribution to anti-apartheid activities.\r\nAll of these factors compri jawd some doubts in Mandela, curiously in the learning abilitys of white atomic number 16 Africans. Mandela â€Å"had to address the very legitimate needs of black South African mountain while preventing the flight of white South Africans and foreign capital from the nation … [and his inaugural address] needed to [rhetorically] establish the ground from which progress would reverse” (Sheckels, 2001). Because of these varying circumstances, the inaugural address might be â€Å"an occasion when a effectful ethical appeal would ware to be exerted if the confidence and initiatives of the tidy sum were to be aroused” (Corbett and Connors, 1999). However, while these factors established doubts in some, they in addition contributed to Mandela’s ethos, which is defined by Aristotle as the character or credibility of the rhetor. Aristotle claims â€Å"It is necessary not hardly to look at the argument, that it whitethorn be unreserved and compelling but also [for the speaker] to pass water a view of himself as a certain kind of person” (Aristotle in Borchers, 2006). As stated in Killingsworth, â€Å"authors demonstrate their character … in every phonation” (2005).\r\nA person who possesses â€Å"practical wisdom, virtue, and good will … is necessarily persuasive to the hearers” (Borchers, 2006). Mandela possesses considerable ethos as a re sult of his individual(prenominal) identity and regional history; his involvement with the ANC, the political party whose aim was to symbolize the rights and releasedoms of African populate, and the time he served as a political prisoner demonstrate his dedication to the structure of a democratic nation. One author parenthoodlines that Mandela serves as a â€Å"representative of the African people at large” (Sheckels, 2001). The public’s knowledge of Mandela’s past allows him to establish ethos, which in turn helps him fork out a rhetorically successful inaugural address, which serves in the construction of unity amid all people of South Africa. Additionally, as one author points out, ethos â€Å"may take several forms †a powerful leader resembling the President will often see the ethos of credibility that comes from liberty” (Tuman, 2010).\r\n eon Mandela uses his past to construct ethos, he also gains ethos as South Africa’s newl y elected President. Because it was the first ever democratic election, in which his party won 62% of the votes, Mandela gains authority over past South African Presidents; his call to office represents the wants and needs of all people in South Africa, while his predecessors’ did not. Mandela’s accumulated ethos contributes to the persuasive power of his inaugural address, in which he makes his first official attempt as President to establish unity through speech. Next I will discuss the position of the audience. When constructing a speech, the author must first consider who his specific audience is: â€Å"consideration of audience drives the creation of an effective persuasive pass along” (Tuman, 2010). When writing his inaugural speech, which is a form of oral rhetoric, Mandela had to consider both an immediate audience, as well as a secondary audience who would keep an eye on the speech through the medium of TV and mind to it on the radio.\r\nThe audience consisted not only of South Africans, but of people across the world elicit and inspired by this monumental moment in history. Furthermore, Mandela had to consider both listeners who were his supporters and listeners who were his adversaries. Corbett and Connors claim that â€Å"the larger and more heterogeneous the audience is, the more difficult it is to position the discourse to equip the audience. In his content and his style, the President must strike some common denominator †but [one] that does not fall below the dignity that the occasion demands” (Killingsworth, 2005). One much(prenominal) way that Mandela adjusts his discourse to fit his audience is his choice in diction. While he does engage in the use of tropes and rhetorical appeals, he also uses clean common language end-to-end. This is especially primal in his situation, as many of his black listeners were denied education by the whites, and thus had limited vocabularies.\r\nWhile Mandela wanted to r each out to the educated citizens and planetary guests, he also had to ensure that his less educated listeners were able to grasp his lyric poem and thus be affected by the emotionality of his address and persuaded to unite. When analyzing Mandela’s Inaugural address in consideration of audience, we may also note his opening line: â€Å"Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, lordly Guests, Comrades, and Friends.” Here he acknowledges both the â€Å"distinguished supratheme guests,” as well as the people of South Africa: â€Å"Comrades and Friends.” Recognizing members of the multinational and internal audience is a tradition of inaugural addresses with rhetorical value. Kennedy, for drill, followed this tradition when he began his inaugural address: â€Å"Vice President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, Reverend Clergy, crevice Citizens,” as did Roosevelt when he began: â€Å"M r. Chief Justice, Mr. Vice President, My Friends” (Wolfarth, 1961).\r\nAdditionally, we may note that it is traditional for inaugural addresses to â€Å"abound with unity appeals” (Wolfarth, 1961), which unite the president to the citizens of the country for which he reigns. President Jefferson, for example, addressed â€Å"Friends and Fellow-Citizens” in his opening line; push up opened with â€Å"My countrymen;” while Lincoln saluted his â€Å"Fellow-Citizens of the United States” in the first lines of his second inaugural address (Wolfarth, 1961). An address containing official salutations as well as unity appeals causes all audiences to identify with the President. We may also note additional unity appeals throughout Mandela’s inaugural address. There is a pervasive use of personal pronouns, such as â€Å"we,” â€Å"us,” and â€Å"our,” along with â€Å"symbolically male terms that embody a sense of collectivityâ⠂¬Â (Sigelman, 1996), such as â€Å"South Africa/Africans” â€Å" country of origin,” â€Å"people,” and â€Å"country,” all of which connote companionship and contribute to the construction of unity. Mandela begins 15 out of 30 sections (as designated in the index) with â€Å"we” or â€Å"our,” and they constitute 59 of the 893 words in the address (6.6%).\r\nThe repetition of the word â€Å"we” at the beginning of subsequent sentences is a rhetorical trope called ‘anaphora;’ by using this rhetorical technique, Mandela subtly emphasizes the importance of unity As one author explains, the strategic use of personal pronouns is â€Å"one fairly subtle means of transmitting a flavour of unity” (Sigelman, 1996). Appeals to unity follow in Burke’s theory of identification as a means of persuasion or cooperation. By addressing â€Å"Comrades and Friends” and using the words â€Å"we” and â€Å"us ” throughout the speech, Mandela is uniting the audience with himself, as well as each other †a â€Å"powerful, yet subtle, type of identification … The word ‘we’ rewards the idea that all of the [listening] community is unify in its efforts to accomplish [certain] goals” (Borchers, 2006). The rhetorician who appeals to an audience to the point where identification takes place has accomplished the purpose of his rhetoric (Burke, 1969). Mandela’s use of personal pronouns and terms that embody collectivity construct unity, which is the overriding purpose of both his inaugural address, as well as his Presidency in general.\r\nMandela’s inaugural address also employs pathos, which is an appeal to the emotions of one’s audience that serves as a persuasive power. Aristotle argued that a speaker must construe the emotions of one’s audience in order to be persuasive (Borchers, 2006); that is, he must understand his audience ’s state of mind, over against whom their emotions are directed, and for what sorts of reasons people palpate the way they do, in order to connect emotionally with them. Mandela’s inauguration was an emotional day for the people of South Africa and the world, because it represented a shift towards democracy, equality, and freedom for all people. One author notes that â€Å"Mandela’s first presidential address before the newly comprise South African Parliament lifted South Africa from the realm of imaginary democracy into a state of veridical democratic practice and was a self-referential act of bringing fence parties together.\r\nThe [inauguration] speech was the first example of reconstruction and development after apartheid … in words †and words alone †[Mandela’s] speech reconstitute[d] the nation” (Salazar, 2002). We can follow through Mandela’s use of pathos throughout his inauguration speech. For example, he refer s to the past as an â€Å" funny human disaster” (3); he enlists his fellow South Africans to â€Å"produce an actual South African liberality that will reinforce good-will’s dogma in justice, streng because its confidence in the splendor of the human mind and sustain all our applys for a empyreal feel for all” (4); he discusses â€Å"the reasonableness of the anguish we all carried in our hearts as we cut our country tear itself apart in a terrible conflict … saw it spurned, outlawed and detached by the peoples of the world” (9); and he refers to his win as â€Å"a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity” (11) and his opponents as â€Å"blood-thirsty forces which still garbage to see the light” (14).\r\nMandela then makes an emotional assure: â€Å"we pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing thrall of poverty, deprivation, produceing, gender, and other discrimination … w e shall framing a fraternity in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to take the air tall, without any fear in their hearts” (16-18). He then imparts â€Å"this day to all the heroes and heroines … who sacrificed … and surrendered their lives so that we could be free” (20). The rhetorical use of pathos is thick throughout Mandela’s inaugural address. Mandela’s appeals to unity also contribute to the pathos of the speech by animate the listeners to join together as one, rather than opposing entities. Mandela concludes with a promise: â€Å"never, never and never again shall it be that this delightful land will again experience the oppression … and suffer the indignity of being the buttocks of the world./ permit freedom reign” (28-29). It is also important to note Mandela’s use of what rhetorical scholars have called ‘ideographs,’ which are defined as â€Å"high-level abstraction[s ] that enclose or summarize the definitive principles or ideals of a political culture” (Parry-Giles & Hogan, 2010).\r\nI would wish well to add that the use of ideographs employs Aristotle’s concept of pathos, as the words are often emotionally laden. Examples of ideographs used in Mandela’s inaugural address hold: â€Å"liberty” (2); â€Å"nobility” (4); â€Å"justice” (4, 11, 26); â€Å"peace” (11, 26); â€Å"human dignity” (11, 18); â€Å"freedom” (17, 21, 29); and â€Å"hope” (1, 18). Freedom is the most significant ideograph in the speech, as Mandela was a ‘freedom-fighter’ and was ‘freed’ from prison in 1990, which was a major step towards ‘freedom’ for all South Africans. Ideographs, claim rhetorical scholars, â€Å"have the potential to unify diverse audiences around vaguely shared sets of meaning” (Parry-Giles & Hogan, 2010). soon enough again we a re presented with appeals to unity in Mandela’s inaugural address. As discussed, Mandela’s speech provides cause that he understands his audience’s state of mind (a mixture of apprehension and optimism), against whom their emotions are directed (Mandela himself, as well as the apartheid), and for what sorts of reasons people feel the way they do (change, fear, history, etc.).\r\nThus, he was able to connect emotionally with his audience, which is Aristotle’s understanding of Pathos. I will reside my analysis of Mandela’s speech with consideration of appeals he makes to place and race. Killingsworth points out that â€Å"appeals to race … often work together with appeals to place” (2005). In Mandela’s inauguration speech he says: â€Å"Each one of us is as almost attached to the disgrace of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the bucks fizz trees of the bushveld. /Each time one of us to uches the soil of this land, we feel a sense of personal renewal. The national mood changes as the seasons change. /We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when give away turns green and the flowers bloom. /That spiritual and physical oneness we all share with this common homeland ….” (6-9). This claim on the land can be thought of as an identification of race with place, or in terms of Kenneth Burke’s dramatism, a ratio between agent and scene, who and where (Killingsworth, 2005). When white settlers arrived in South Africa in the 1600s, they began displacing indigenous black inhabitants from their homeland, push them onto â€Å"less desirable terrain where water was comparatively scarce, paring poor and agricultural conditions harsh” (Horrell, 1973).\r\nApartheid made the interval of blacks with their homeland even more acute with the carrying into action of designated group areas, in which blacks were relocated to slums and townships, sepa rate from whites. Hook, in Killingsworth, claims that â€Å"collective black self-recovery can only take place when we begin to renew our relationship to the earth, when we call back the way of our ancestors” (2005). Mandela’s appeals to race and place in his inaugural address advocate collective self-recovery, and, as a byproduct, unity. Burke notes that â€Å"rhetors who feature the scene see the world as sex actly permanent … [and] rhetors who features the agent see people as rational and sufficient of making choices” (Borchers, 153). By featuring both scene and agent, it is unvarnished that Mandela sees the physical geography of South Africa as unchanging, and also sees that the people who inhabit South Africa have the power to choose to unite on that shared territory.\r\n mavin is the underlying theme of Mandela’s inaugural address as well as his presidency: the unity of white and black people; the dissolution of apartheid and its associate d segregation; the reunification of native South Africans with their homeland; and the unification of South Africa with the assuagement of the free democratic world. â€Å"When [Mandela] took up the reins of power in 1994, the world was holding its breath, expecting the racial tensions splitting the country to explode into a blood bath. Instead, the world witnessed a miracle. Mandela’s achievement is bulky” (Davis, 1997). Mandela’s inaugural address served as an actor of reunification and produced an atmosphere of stability from which the new establishment of government could go forward.\r\nIndex\r\nYour Majesties, Your Highnesses, Distinguished Guests, Comrades and Friends:\r\nToday, all of us do, by our presence here, and by our celebrations in other parts of our country and the world, confer air and hope to newborn liberty. Out of the experience of an extra customary human disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society of which all humanity will be proud. Our daily deeds as ordinary South Africans must produce an actual South African reality that will reinforce humanity’s belief in justice, chant its confidence in the nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes for a glorious life for all. All this we owe both to ourselves and to the peoples of the world who are so well represented here today. To my compatriots, I have no hesitation in verbalism that each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld. Each time one of us touches the soil of this land, we feel a sense of personal renewal.\r\nThe national mood changes as the seasons change. We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when the grass turns green and the flowers bloom. That spiritual and physical oneness we all share with this common homeland explains the depth of the pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear its elf apart in a terrible conflict, and as we saw it spurned, outlawed and isolated by the peoples of the world, precisely because it has become the universal coarse of the pernicious ideology and practice of racism and racial oppression. We, the people of South Africa, feel fulfilled that humanity has taken us back into its bosom, that we, who were outlaws not so long ago, have today been given the noble-minded privilege to be host to the nations of the world on our own soil. We thank all our distinguished international guests for having come to take possession with the people of our country of what is, after all, a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity.\r\nWe trust that you will continue to stand by us as we tackle the challenges of building peace, prosperity, non-sexism, non-racialism and democracy. We profoundly appreciate the role that the masses of our people and their political mass democratic, religious, women, youth, business, traditional and other leade rs have played to bring about this conclusion. Not least among them is my Second Deputy President, the Honorable F.W. de Klerk. We would also like to pay tribute to our security forces, in all their ranks, for the distinguished role they have played in securing our first democratic elections and the transition democracy, from blood-thirsty forces which still refuse to see the light. The time for the healing of the wounds has The moment to pair the chasms that divide us has The time to build is upon us.\r\nWe have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination. We succeeded to take our last steps to freedom in conditions of relative peace. We commit ourselves to the construction of a complete, just and invariable peace. We have triumphed in the effort to implant hope in the breasts of the millions of our people. We enter into a covenant t hat we shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inviolable right to human dignityâ€a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world.\r\nAs a tokenish of its commitment to the renewal of our country, the new Interim presidency of National Unity will, as a study of urgency, address the issue of amnesty for various categories of our people who are currently serving terms of imprisonment. We dedicate this day to all the heroes and heroines in this country and the rest of the world who sacrificed in many ways and surrendered their lives so that we could be free. Their dreams have become reality. Freedom is their reward.\r\nWe are both humbled and elevated by the laurels and privilege that you, the people of South Africa, have bestowed on us, as the first President of a united, democratic, non-racial and non-sexist South Africa, to lead our country out of the valley o f darkness. We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom. We know it well that none of us acting alone can achieve success. We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world. Let there be justice for all.\r\nLet there be peace for all.\r\nLet there be work, bread, water and salt for all.\r\nLet each know that for each the body, the mind and the soul have been freed\r\nto fulfill themselves. Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world.\r\nLet freedom reign.\r\nThe cheer shall never set on so glorious a human achievement! God sign up Africa!\r\nThank you.\r\n work Cited\r\nBorchers, T. (2006). Rhetorical theory: An introduction. Waveland stir Inc.: Illinois Burke, K. 1969. A Rhetoric of Motives. Berkeley: University of California fight. Burke, K. (1966). Language as symbo1ic action: Essays on life, literature, and method. Berkeley: University of California Press. Campbell, K.K. & Jamieson, K.H. (1990). workings done in words: Presidential rhetoric and the genres of governance. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Corbett, E.P.J. & Connors, R.J. (1999) Classical rhetoric for the modern student. Oxford University Press: New York. Davis, G. (1997, July 18). No ordinary magic. Electronic Mail & Guardian [On-line]. procurable: http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/97jul2/18JUL-mandels.html . Horrel, M. (1973). The African homelands of South Africa. ground forces: University of Michigan. Ali-Dinar, A.B. (1994). Inaugural speech, Pretoria [Mandela]. University of Pennsylvania: African studies center. Retrieved from http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Inaugural_Speech_17984.html Killingsworth, M.J. (2005). Appeals in modern rhetoric: An ordinary-language approach. Southern Illinois University Press. Parry-Giles, S.J. & H ogan, J.M. (2010). The handbook of rhetoric and public address. United Kingdome: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Salazar, P.J. (2002). An African Athens: Rhetoric and the shaping of democracy. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. Sheckels, T.F. (2001). The rhetoric of Nelson Mandela: A qualified success. Howard Journal of Communications, Vol 12-2. Sigelman, L. (Jan-Mar 1996). Presidential inaugurals: The modernization of a genre. Political Communication. Vol 13-1. South Africa’s political parties. SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved from http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/polparties.htm Tarvin, D. (2008). Vincent Fox’s inaugural address: A comparative analysis between the generic characteristics of the United States and Mexico. Retrieved from http://lsu.academia.edu/DavidTarvin/Papers/687161/Vicente_Foxs_Inaugural_Addr\r\ness_A_Comparative_Analysis_Between_the_Generic_Characteristics_of_the_United_States_and_Mexico Tuman, J.S. (2010). Communicating dread: The rhetorical dimensions of terrorism. San Francisco: Sage Publications. Wolfarth, D.L. (April 1961). John F. Kennedy in the tradition of inaugural speeches. Quarterly journal of speech, Vol. 47-2. Additional Works Referenced\r\nFoss, S.K. (2004). Rhetorical criticism: Exploration & practice. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Hart, R.P. & Daughton, S. (2005). Modern rhetorical criticism: threesome edition. USA: Pearson breeding, Inc. Kuypers, J.A. (2005). The art of rhetorical criticism. USA: Pearson Education Inc. Lacy, M.G. & Ono, K.A. (2011). Critical rhetorics of race. New York: New York University Press\r\n'

'Is college For Everyone Essay\r'

'Since the prototypal GI Bill was passed after World state of war II universities have been steadily increasing. Currently thither ar more(prenominal) than 4000 college like institutions in the unite States. Public policy has been making high gearer information more reachable for example by creating federal official student loan programs so everyone has a medical prognosis to attend college. But recently we have seen the hail of a four year item drastically increase beca physical exertion Americans ar seeing college as an obligation. â€Å"On â€Å" genuine Education”” Robert T.\r\nPerry argues that we need more university and friendship college graduates. â€Å"Is College for Everyone” Pharinet is arguing that college is non for everyone. He states that there is similarly many students enrolled in school day that don’t belong there. Roberts’s essay â€Å"On â€Å"Real Education”” is more glib-tongued because, not s carcely did his writing appear on InsideHigherEd. com making him a more credible author but also because he argues his stance on college is for everyone using statistics and a believable explanation to back them up.\r\nThe US section of Labor has reported that America needs more college graduates to keep up with all the other nations in the global economy. Robert states that by the end of the presidents first term, which is already over, that The US will have 3 one million million million more jobs that require bachelor’s degree and we don’t have enough college graduates to conduct them. We need more health care stoolers, teachers, software system engineers and manufacturing jobs, all of which require college. Those whom choose not to go to college have much fewer employment options.\r\nRobert makes a strong point when he says that American companies are looking for new ways to compete, and because of this without some discriminate of secondary degree you will ha ve reconciled struggle to pay for estimable the basic to live. Robert grabs the indorser’s consideration through the use of pathos, verbal expression that additionally people with postsecondary degrees tend to be more healthy, more engaged in their community, a rock-bottom chance of being involved in crime, more productive throughout there meeting life, and change surface more philanthropic.\r\nPharinet thinks that the most common issue with college is that students are not yet ready for the academic and fiscal challenges. He claims that students find themselves trying to work full phase of the moon cartridge holder and do to school full fourth dimension and before long students decide they need to work and drop their status to a part time student. Through the use of pathos Pharinet asks his readers to consider a very valid point, if college is for everyone then(prenominal) why do we rely on SAT scores and high school transcripts? And why doesn’t every schoo l have an admissions policy?\r\nThen followed those questions with the answer that college is not for everyone. There is no real desire for learning. Individuals just go to college to earn a degree to light down into a job with decent pay. apply pathos again Pharinet explains that when this kind of person enters the work force are they going to lack want in there career because of the only flat coat for wanting the career was for the money. When comparing these to essays, you can clear see that there are two entirely different beliefs. Robert believes that college is for everyone where Pharinet believes that college is not for everyone.\r\nRobert had a more persuasive argument because he established a goodly ethos, Robert uses facts and professional opinions to back his argument, whereas Pharinet uses his own personal opinions to lay down his blog. Robert uses much more logos then he does pathos, Pharinet used much more pathos then he did logos. Neither of the writings use f irsthand experience, we don’t know whether or not Pharinet and Robert went to college. I found both the organization and use of evidence effective in both essays. both(prenominal) essays use good strong points to back up their arguments and both essays were persuasive.\r\n'