Addison's Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Addison's Disease - Essay Example Autoimmunity remains the chief cause of Addison’s disease in Europe and in Africa, although the incidence rates in Africa are comparatively low. The key immunological finding in most patients is the presence of autoantibodies against cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase, an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. Inadequate amounts of adrenal hormones present symptoms such as hypoglycemia, fatigue, vomiting, and hyperpigmentation among many others. A careful examination of morning cortisol levels and amounts of ACH aid in giving correct diagnosis for patients with Addison’s disease. The only treatment available is replacement therapy using synthetic glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. However, it is vital that diagnosis is made early enough to ensure that the patients start treatment on time and enjoy productive lives. Key Words: Addison’s disease; Adrenal insufficiency; Autoimmunity Introduction Addison’s disease is an endocrine an d immunological disorder that leads to adrenal insufficiency. The pituitary gland secretes excess adrenocorticotropic hormone to make up for the reduced amount of cortisol in the adrenal glands (Burk et al. 215). Autoimmune Addison’s disease occurs due to adrenal inadequacy because of immune mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex (Rottembourg et al. 309). In 1849, Dr. Addison illustrated a form of anemia that had been overlooked. This ailment was common in men between the ages of 20 and 60. It was characterized by a slow onset and took several weeks or even months to display alarming symptoms such as immense fatigue, paleness, and mental and physical incapacitation (Bishop 35). A postmortem of three cases revealed a diseased condition of the suprarenal capsules, which Dr. Addison believed was not a happenstance. He, therefore, decided that the suprarenal capsules were indirectly or indirectly involved in the events that led to the diseased condition. In 1855, Dr. Addison published a monograph addressing the consequences of disease on the suprarenal capsules. It sought to establish the actual functions and impact of these cells. The monograph associated the similarities of the renal suprarenal capsules with the spleen, thyroid body, and thymus to the embellishment of blood (Bishop 36). He further described the progression and key symptoms of the problem and explains that all cases defied curative endeavors and ended lethally. It is worth noting that during that time the functions of the supra-renal capsules were unknown. Later on in 1856, Trousseau called the condition â€Å"La Maladie d’ Addison† (Bishop 37). Charles Edouard Brown-Sequard collected a number of rabbits, cats, and dogs and deprived them of their adrenals. He thought that if the animals did then they would have died because of Addison’s disease. A pressor substance was discovered in the adrenal medulla in 1894 after which Takamine and Aldrich separately isolated th e crystalline form of adrenaline in 1091. Having been synthesized in 1904, adrenaline became the first hormone to be isolated chemically, characterized, and synthesized (Bishop 38). It was then discovered that cortical extracts contained substances that preserved life. The clinical syndrome as described by Dr. Addison was later called Addison’s disease following his relation of adrenal insufficiency to the symptoms. Addison’s disease is prevalent in Western countries compared to African countries as established by Ross et al. during a cohort study of South Africans (292). Etiology There are several causes of Addison’s disease such as marred steroidogenesis, adrenal dysgenesis, and diseases that lead to the destruction of the adrenal cells (Burk et al. 215). Autoimmune destruction of t

Energy Needs Essay Example for Free

Energy Needs Essay Fracking or hydraulic fracturing is a method used to extract valuable gasses from rock formations in the earth. Some of these gasses include shale gas, tight gas and petroleum. In South Africa fracking is used to extract shale gas in the Karoo. Shale gas is a natural gas that forms when air is captured in rock formations under the ground. It is one of the main reasons why hydraulic fracturing is used. Shale gas is used especially in America. In 2000 shale gas made out one percent of America’s energy producers but in 2010 it replaced over 20% of America’s natural gas resources. There was claimed by experts that South Africa has the fifth biggest shale gas resources in the world while China has the biggest. There is hoped that this gas could be an alternative resource of energy for South Africa’s growing need. That is why the eighteen-month moratorium for the use of fracking, to extract shale gas, was lifted. Even though this could be a great opportunity for our country the damage caused to our environment would be far greater than the little energy it would produce. When fracking is used to extract this gas, water, harmful chemicals and sand is pumped into the fractures of the rock formation. Manmade machines mostly make these fractures that drill holes into the rocks over three thousand meters deep. When this mixture of the water, sand and chemicals reach the shale rock formations hidroxide gasses are released inside the rock. These gases are than captured and used for the generation of electricity. No one can say that fracking does not have a huge impact on the natural environment. Unluckily I am not too sure that it is a positive impact. The chemicals and toxins used in fracking are released into the scarce  underground water of the Karoo, making the water polluted and unusable. Harmful emissions are also released into the air when extracted causing a greenhouse effect on the environment. A study shows that 3,6 to 7,9% methane is released into the atmosphere after fracking has taken place. Even the use of shale gas causes air pollution. The fact that fracking causes allot of pollution cannot be missed. It was even banned in France because of all the pollution it would have made. Because of the negative effect of pollution on the environment, in this case air and water pollution, I can’t understand why such a thing was allowed. For me as part of a new generation it is more important to use clean alternative energy rather than to use short-term solutions with financial benefit just to cause the earth to decline faster.

The Salem Witch Trial :: American America History

The Salem Witch Trial The Salem Witchcraft was a series of undesirable events, which was powered by paranoia and fear. Though several witch trials occurred before the Salem Witch Trial, this was the most well known of all. Many innocent people were accused of witchcraft which resulted to 19 men and women that were hanged, 17 innocents that died in unsanitary prisons, and an 80-year old man that was crushed to death by putting stones on top of his stomach until he confesses (movie: The Crucible). In some accounts, it was reported that two dogs were stoned to death for cooperating with the Devil. Why did the Salem Witch trial occur? Were these trials appropriate? Or were they truly a Devil's work? The Salem Witch Trials might have occurred for a variety of reasons such as people's ignorance that led to superstitions. It might have also occurred because people's crave for power, or it might also be because of fear. In the early years of America, people were mostly unaware of certain things. Sickness, for instance, was an important issue for people didn't know how to manage or cure such complex illnesses. The Puritans, during the colonial times, didn't have much information about certain things. They came to believe that certain unexplainable events were done by a powerful source of evil thus brought about superstitions. The infamous Witch Trials done at Salem, Massachusetts, which spread across the continent, was an example of people's injustice acts in response to superstitions. One of the major cause of the Salem Witchcraft trials was superstition, an "irrational belief or practice resulting from ignorance or fear of the unknown" (www.encyclopedia.com). A lack of scientific knowledge led many people to be convinced that, witches were responsible to the death of an animal or a livestock: John Rogger "testified that upon the threatening words " of Martha Carrier " his cattle would be strangely bewitched."(Mather, p55) John Roger believed on superstitions; thus he proposed that Martha was a witch who was killing his cows. It is easy to see how the people of Salem were so vulnerable to the notion of witches taking over their town. Furthermore Tituba, Reverend Parris's slave, practiced ritual dance and "black magic" in her early years in Africa. She influenced most of the girls in town through her stories. The girls believed on superstitions which overall started the Salem Witch Trials and made it possible for the witch trials to occur for a long duration.

Employee Law

Project Summary Employment Law The employment relationship Is a contractual one between an employer and a worker. The worker may be either an employee or an Independent contractor. Distinguishing between the two is very important. It has an effect on compensation, benefits, harassment, family leave, workers' compensation, unemployment insurance, and discrimination, (Moran, 2008, p. 3). In an employment relationship, authority is conveyed by an employer to an employee. Deciding what kinds of authority and how much authority to grant are important issues for employers to resolve, (Moran, 2008, . ). Inherent in every employment relationship is the employee's duties of loyalty and good faith and the employer's duties to compensate and maintain a safe working environment. Violations of these duties give rise to contractual and tort liability. A contract Is a legally enforceable agreement. A tort Is a private civil wrong. Tort liability encompasses assault and battery, defamation, Invasion of privacy, and negligence. The key to an employers responsibility Is whether the tort was committed within the scope of employment?in other words, â€Å"on the Job,† (Moran, 2008, p. 3)Employers may attempt to employ restrictive covenants, also known as nincompoop or nondisclosure agreements. These agreements are used to protect the employer's business against theft of trade secrets, stealing clients, and competing against the former employer. Courts generally do not like to restrict people from working, but the courts will enforce these agreements where they are voluntarily signed and designed to protect the business from unfair competition, (Moran, 2008, p. 3). The purpose of recruitment and selection is to obtain the best possible workers for a business.Discrimination is permissible with respect to selecting candidates based on interpersonal relations, communication skills, training, and education. It Is not permissible with respect to suspect classification such as race , religion, gender, age, disability, and national origin,† (Moran, 2008, p. 37). Because employees are valuable assets to a business, employers must be able to choose those employees who will perform the best work for the business. Education, training, communication skills, and interpersonal relations are key qualities that employees must possess to help a business be more successful, (Moran, 2008, p. ). The easiest way to discriminate against individuals is to do so in the recruitment and selection process. Employers may use a myriad of methods to evaluate an individual and his or her particular traits. Testing, interviews, writing samples, demonstrations, and role-playing are a few examples, (Moran, 2008, p. 37). If these methods are job-related, then the employer has every right to use them. â€Å"What an employer may not do is discourage potential candidates who belong to a particular suspect classification as defined by Title VII of the Call Rights Act, the Age Delimitat ion In Employment Act, and theAmericans with Deliverables Act,† (Moran, 2008, p. 37). The selection process has become a complicated procedure for employers, (Moran, 2008, p. 67). They must inappropriate questions that can be inferred as being discriminatory. Employers must recruit from a diverse pool of candidates. Employers must keep accurate records of these candidates, such as who applied and who was hired. Employers must establish Job-related criteria necessary for promotions. Employers must perform background checks on employees to guard themselves against negligent hiring, but these checks are limited to activities or criminal convictions that are Job elated,† (Moran, 2008, p. 67). Policies with regard to nepotism and promoting from within should also be drafted by the employer. The selection process is a daunting but necessary undertaking for the employer. As most of us know, it is an equally stressful experience for workers. Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution where two sides look outside the court system to resolve a conflict, (Moran, 2008, p. 157).In arbitration, an impartial arbitrator listens to claims, facts, and testimony from both sides, then issues a decision. By signing arbitration agreements, employees typically waive their right to file lawsuits when they have a dispute with their employers. However, the obligation to arbitrate can vary. Some employers require all disputes to go to arbitration, while others designate arbitration for only certain issues. â€Å"Binding† arbitration is most frequently used in employment agreements, where both sides agree ahead of time that the arbitrator's decision will be final, with very limited basis to appeal, (Moran, 2008, p. 58). However, an arbitration agreement alone does not mean that employers can never be sued over an employment issue. State and federal regulators can still sue employers when employees file complaints against companies for violating discriminat ion, pay, or other laws. Once employees or former employees decide to enter into arbitration, there are three basic steps in the proceedings: preheating briefs, the hearing, and the arbitrator's decision. Preheating briefs allow the company and employees to present their views and describe their evidence to the arbitrator.During the hearing, both sides present their case to the arbitrator, which can include calling witnesses. Then the arbitrator makes a decision. Generally, employers do not take termination as personally as do employees. However, it can be a difficult process for both sides, especially if the employee believes that the discharge is wrongful. â€Å"At-will termination protects the rights of employers to terminate employees,† (Moran, 2008, p. 153). Therefore, employees must evaluate the evidence to discern whether it meets one of the public policy exceptions to the at-will doctrine.Employers must guard against compromising their protection under the at-will emp loyment doctrine and should not stipulate that employees will be discharged only for cause or list explicit seasons for discharge in an employment handbook or in conversation with an applicant or an employee, (Moran, 2008, p. 153). Rather employers should state that employees may be discharged at any time for any reason. Shortly after the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865, the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U. S.Constitution were adopted, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. The Fifteenth Amendment gave black men the right to vote. But, it was the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that laid the basis for equal rights in employment, (Moran, 2008, p. 71). The Equal Protection Clause basically states that â€Å"all people are entitled to equal United States, in Please v. Ferguson, interpreted this to mean that separate but equal facilities would satisfy the Fourteenth Amendment requirement, (Moran, 2008, p. 171 ).Segregation persisted into the sass, but inroads began to be made in the mid-sass with the Brown v. Board of Education decision, which mandated integration in public schools, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). This decision had a reverberating effect throughout society. In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act to legislate integration in schools, housing, restaurants, transportation, shopping, and employment. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act speaks to employment, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). It prohibits discrimination because of religion, race, color, sex, and national origin, (Moran, 2008, p. 171).There are two main types of discrimination: disparate impact, which is discrimination against a class of people, and disparate treatment, which is discrimination against an individual, (Moran, 2008, p. 171). The key to establishing an affirmative action plan is to obtain the commitment of management, Moran, 2008, p. 199). Once committed, management can emphasize its importance and lead by example. An assessment must be made of the number of women and minorities and their current status within the organization. This data will prove invaluable as a benchmark against which the program's progress can be measured, (Moran, 2008, p. 99). Once the problem areas are identified, then recruitment and promotion issues must be addressed. A critical look at the current methods utilized must be taken, and a plan must be instituted to remedy its deficiencies. To bolster acquirement, notification should be sent to the placement office of schools with significant or exclusive women or minority populations. Women and minority organizations can also be advised of the need for prospective candidates. Advertisements in newspapers, magazines, radio, and television designed for women and minorities will enable a company to tap into that particular circle, (Moran, 2008, p. 99). Company tours for students and community groups are also beneficial. â€Å"Relying solely on referrals and traditional rec ruitment techniques will only reinforce discrimination,† (Moran, 2008, p. 199). Career counseling to direct women and minorities toward career paths and training programs to help them realize these accomplishments must be created or embellished. The fact that counseling and training programs exist is not sufficient. They must be made available or specifically developed with women and minorities in mind.Job descriptions must also be perused for possible barriers against women and minorities, (Moran, 2008, p. 199). If found, the descriptive narration must be rethought. All requirements must be Job- related. Any that are not should be eliminated, especially unnecessary education or experience; otherwise, discrimination will continue. Testing should also be restricted to when it is absolutely necessary and its reality and Job-relatedness can be proved, (Moran, 2008, p. 199). The assignment of grade levels to Jobs must also be reviewed for bias in favor of men, (Moran, 2008, p. 199 ).If discovered, such bias must be readjusted. Interviewers must be indoctrinated to no longer believe that women and minorities can perform only certain Jobs – those involving routine ministerial tasks, (Moran, 2008, p. 199). They must avoid asking women and minorities personal questions about marital status, other sources of income, number of children, criminal record, and other issues that are not Job-related and are not routinely asked of white and in-house rules and regulations must be redrafted to be gender-neutral, both in written communications and pictorials,† (Moran, 2008, p. 199). Sexual harassment is defined as (1) a sexual advance or request for sexual favor made by one employee to another that is unwelcome and not consented to; and (2) touching, Joking, commenting, or distributing material of a sexual nature that an employee has not consented to and finds offensive,† (Moran, 2008, p. 89). Although the court- appointed test for determining what consti tutes sexual harassment is a reasonable person standard and what is reasonable may vary depending on the work environment, it is the purpose of this policy on sexual harassment to avoid litigation, not to win lawsuits.Therefore, employees are forewarned that the use of certain terms may give rise to a woman's filing a sexual harassment complaint and are therefore prohibited, (Moran, 2008, p. 289). If a complaint is filed with the company's human resources department on any of these allegations, it will be investigated immediately, (Moran, 2008, p. 289). The investigation shall consist of questioning the complainant, alleged perpetrator, coworkers, superiors, and subordinates, (Moran, 2008, p. 89). If a determination is made that a valid complaint had been issued against an employee, that employee will be entitled to a hearing to which he or she may be assisted by outside counsel. If a conclusion is reached that the conduct complained of meets one of the aforementioned criteria, then the employee shall be dismissed forthwith, (Moran, 2008, p. 289). Furthermore, the victim will be afforded counseling services, if needed.Every effort will be made by the company to aid the victimized employee in overcoming the emotional trauma of the unfortunate ordeal, (Moran, 2008, p. 289). Finally, the company will sponsor in-house workshops explaining this policy on sexual harassment, warning employees against engaging in it, and encouraging those affected by sexual harassment to come forward with the details of their encounter with it in order for the company to investigate and resolve the dilemma and service the needs of the victimized employee, (Moran, 2008, p. 289).The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers having 1 5 or more employees to refrain from administrating against any individual who has an impairment that limits major life activities, such as impairment to sight, speech, hearing, walking, and learning, (Moran, 2008, p. 389). Also included are people w ith cancer, heart conditions, AIDS, and disfigurement, as well as people recovering from substance abuse. The forerunner of the DAD was the Rehabilitation Act of 1 973. It prohibited disability discrimination in federal employment and with federal contractors.The percentage of disabled workers who are unemployed is much greater than that of the general population, (Moran, 2008, p. 08). Public access and specific Job accommodations have gone a long way to aid the gainful employment of many of the disabled. Encouraging a change in the mind-set of employers remains a formidable task. Many employers view disabled applicants as inferior to others. They represent an additional worry employers do not need. However, with reasonable accommodation, many disabled employees have proven to work as effectively as other workers because their disability has been alleviated, (Moran, 2008, p. 08). They are operating on a level playing surface with the rest of the work population. Collective bargainin g is the negotiation process undertaken by a union on behalf of a contract after the resolution of labor issues,† (Moran, 2008, p. 420). The contract, known as the collective bargaining agreement, is binding on all union members. The advantage of collective bargaining is that the union has greater bargaining strength than an individual employee would have in attempting to negotiate the best possible deal, (Moran, 2008, p. 420).The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1 970 (OSHA) was designed to set forth a standard that would provide for the safety and health of employees while on the Job, (Moran, 2008, p. 450). Employers are required to provide a place of employment free from occupational hazards. Employees are required to follow rules and regulations established to promote their safety and to use equipment designed to ensure their safety, (Moran, 2008, p. 450). Permanent standards are the standards originally introduced when OSHA was created as well as standards promulgate d thereafter, (Moran, 2008, p. 452).The latter are referred to as National Consensus Standards. When OSHA develops a new standard, it is published in the Federal Register, (Moran, 2008, p. 452). The public, especially employees, has 30 days to request a hearing. If requested, notice of a public hearing will be made. After the hearing, OSHA must publish the standard incorporating the changes, if any, and the date of its commencement, within 60 days. The Secretary of Labor must explain the need for the new standard, or else it will be null and void. He or she may delay the date of its commencement. In one case, a delay of 4 years was imposed.

Biography of Dr.Jose Rizal

This is not so! To support this argument Michael Faraday is the perfect example. Faraday didn't receive a formal education, yet through the dint of hard work and sheer determination he became one of the 19'Th Century. Michael Faraday belonged to the poor family of a blacksmith. His parents were so poor that they were not able to send Faraday to school. At a time when all boys of his age went to school, Faraday was ngaged in menial work.Due to the crushing poverty of his family, Faraday was forced to take up several odd Jobs that taught him how to fend for himself when he was still a minor. However, in the course of time, Faradays hard work and a flair for science made him one of the most successful scientists of his time in England. Faraday took deep interest in science and made a significant contribution to the study of physics and chemistry. Faraday had an extraordinary number of ingenious ways to work out on scientific methods. This special ability of Faradays astonished many reno wned scientists of his time.Faraday was the first scientist who succeeded in liquefying a permanent gas. This was without doubt a great discovery of his time. Moreover, Faraday is much acclaimed for his major contribution to electricity and magnetism. It was Faraday who laid the foundation of the electric motor, the generator, the transformer, etc. As with physics Faraday was also interested In chemistry. He discovered benzene and used it for different purposes In fact, Faraday didn't have a university education; but he was still unanimously appointed professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution.This was the acknowledgement of his rofound knowledge and Ingenious capacity to deal with scientific methods. Faradays lectures on science were highly knowledge and fully of witty remarks. In order to give due respect to Michael Faraday, a unit of electricity was named after him. It is called â€Å"Farad† this Is the unit to measures an amount of electrical charge. In the course of time, Faraday developed generators and transformers which were regarded as major Inventions of 19'Th century. Not only this, Faraday Is also remembered for having coined new technical words used In electricity Ilke Ion, electrode, cathode, and anode etc.MICHAEL FARADAY was born on September 22, 1791, In Newington Butts, London In 1786. By profession, Mr. James Faraday and Mrs. Margaret Hastwell migrated from Clapham, Yorkshire, to London In 1786. By profession, Mr. James Faraday was a blacksmith, and he was managing to survive on a very meager Income. Faradays early childhood was spent In poverty and hardship. When Faraday was a young boy of ten, he saw all his playmates going to school. Like many other boys, Faraday also wanted go to school , therefore he repeatedly Implored his father to send him to school but his father would say , â€Å"next year†, and that next year never came.As a result , all his life Faraday was deprived of school and a university education. Actually Mr. Faraday wanted to send his son to school , but he was simply unable duo to his very poor financial state. HIS Income was quite low and also not very reliable. Due to such an erratic Income from his profession Mr. Faraday could not send his son to send him to a school. â€Å"l should do something to educate myself. † Although Faraday was not going to school, he had an unusual obsession for reading and collecting books of all kinds. His interest chiefly lay in science.He began to collect good books o matter how expensive they were and , to meet the expenses of buying books ; Faraday began to do all sorts of odd Jobs that came his way. Faradays love for books was well known among his friends. One fine morning, Faraday was going to a Job when he met one of his bosom pals, he informed Faraday about a Job opportunity available in a bookbinding shop. This was absolutely fabulous news for Faraday because he knew working in a bookbinding shop meant getting an opportunity to read plenty of books.Faraday immediately changed direction and headed towards the bookbinder's shop and asked the owner for the Job. The owner of the bookbinding shop was Mr. Riebau who was a kind man. He agreed to employ Faraday on a nominal wage, but for Faraday a Job in a bookbinding shop was more valuable than any wage. Faraday was extremely happy with his new Job. He would go to work well before the duty time and leave late in the evening. Faraday would also bring some books with him whose delivery was to be made little late. Faraday started serious study of any science books which fell into his hand.He had taken a keen interest in science , but especially in physics and chemistry. It became a routine for Faraday to study late into the night , but sometimes he would even remain awake for the whole night and read an entire book in a single sitting. Faraday worked in Mr. Riebau's bookbinding shop for over eight years. After 8 years of service in Mr. Riebau's shop , Faraday then Joined in Mr. De La Roche's bookbinding shop. Here too Faraday did his work with complete dedication and gave his mater no opportunity to make a complaint against him.During this period Faraday had successfully managed to collect his own personal library which he kept in his little bedroom where he would study physics and chemistry with complete dedication. While reading science and the works of great scientists , Faraday began to nurture a desire of becoming a scientists deep in his heart. One day a satisfied costumer gave a ticket to Faraday. The ticket was a gate-pass to attend lecture of Sir Humphrey Daw at Royal Institute. Faraday was very grateful to the gentleman who have him the ticket as he was very eager to attend the lectures.On the day of Daws lectures Faraday reached the hall almost an hour early and secure his seat in the first row so that he could see and hear Daws lecture clearly. One by one Faraday attended all the lectures of Sir. Humphrey Daw. Sir Humphrey Daws learned lectures left a profound impression on Faraday. While Sir Daw was delivering lectures , Faraday has noted down every single important fact in his notebook. Later he carefully studied those notes and wrote several pages which he made into a thick book and went straight to Humphrey Daws house.Faraday handed over this book to Sir Humphrey Daw and requested him to read in his leisure time. Sir Daw studied Faradays book and found it very interesting. A few days later Faraday asked Sir Daws opinion about his book , Sir Daw said he was impressed by his work and these words of Sir Daw were more than enough to nspire a young man like Faraday. Faradays meeting with Sir Daw left a good impression upon Sir Daws mind. A few months later Faraday sought a Job in Sir Daws laboratory, because he was eager to see scientific experiments close-up. as extremely glad as he had the opportunity to work under the guidance of Sir Daw, a renowned scientist of his time. Faraday was very delighted in order to i mprove his understanding of science. Sir Daw taught him several important aspects of physics and chemistry that tremendously helped to expand Faradays mental horizon . Sir Daw was also very satisfied at seeing Faradays rapid progress as he was picking up verything very quickly. After one year of hard work , Faraday has the opportunity to be one of the members of Sir Daws entourage on a European tour.On this important tour , Sir Daw delivered many erudite lectures that Faraday had noted down in his notebooks. Faraday had also received some rare opportunities to meet with some renowned scientists. Faraday duly capitalised on this opportunity to improve his scientific Knowledge. While Faraday was doing very well in science , Mrs. Daw never treated Faraday as more than a servant , but Faraday never made any complaint about her obnoxious behaviour to Sir Daw. Faraday remained a through gentleman all his life. Upon his return from the tour on 1815 , Faraday became even more ambitious to b e a scientist then he was before.Now he wanted to establish his own identity as a scientist rather than Just as a working assistant in Sir Daws laboratory. So Faraday began to study will all his ability. Faraday seriously began making a series of experiments until late into the night. On the basis of his long-time experiments and through study of science. He eventually developed electromagnetic rotations. Faraday showed his discoveries to Sir Daw and asked his opinion for its publication n the scientific Journal, but Sir Daw delayed giving his opinion on Faradays discoveries and that soured their relationship.Sir Daw did not acknowledge Faradays achievement at the first sight and never gave the ideas for this. Anyway , Faraday was most embarrassed at receiving such a cold reception from Sir Daw. However , without getting Sir Daws approval, Faraday published his works on electromagnetic rotation. When Faradays papers were published in a reputed science Journal, Sir Daw blamed Faraday for publishing his papers without his acknowledgement. After the publication of Faradays papers in the science Journal hose scientists who disliked Faraday accused him of stealing or plagiarizing the ideas of other scientists.Faraday did not lend an ear to the clamor his opponents were making, Instead Faraday went on with more experiments and published many scientific papers in several Journals. Faraday succeeded to liquefy chlorine in 1823 and proved that a gas can also be liquefied. Slowly but steadily , Faraday was emerging from obscurity into the limelight as a rising scientist. Faraday submitted an application to the Royal Institute in 1824 and sought to be elected a fellow of the Royal Institute , but his application was ruthlessly turned down.Later it was suspected that actually Sir Daw did not want to see Faraday sitting equal to him. In spite of Sir Daws strong opposition , the following year Faraday was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and later directory of the labo ratory of the Royal Institute. Faraday took special interest in the study of electromagnetic function. After a series of experiments , he discovered electromagnetic induction , the battery , the electric arc , and electrostatics. These were some of the major discoveries which duly lifted eputation to a new height as a most brilliant scientist.The loads of work and staying up late into night caused severe harm to his health. Due to heavy workload, he often Faraday complained of losing his memory and that made him unable to write about studying or experiment on new things as freely as he wanted. Faraday passed away peacefully at the age of 76 in his arm chair on August 25 , 1867. Faraday discoveries and inventions created new avenues in the field of science and technology. Faraday was without doubt one of the foremost scientist who set the foundations of scientific discovery.

How to Choose the Right College Major

How to Choose the Right College Major A college major is the main subject that a student studies while attending a college, university, or another academic institution. Examples of popular business majors include advertising, business administration, and finance. Many students begin their college education without a clear idea of what their major will be. Others know from an early age exactly where theyre going and what they have to study to get there. Most people fall somewhere in between; they have a general idea of what they want to study, but are considering other things. Why Choose? Choosing a major doesnt necessarily mean you’ll be stuck doing that particular thing for the rest of your life. Many students switch majors during their college careersome do it quite often. Choosing a major is important because it gives you a direction to aim for and determines what classes will be taken to earn a degree. When to Declare a Major If you’re going to a two-year school, you will probably need to declare a major soon after enrolling because of the short duration of the educational process. Many online schools will often make you choose a major as well. However, if you’re entering a four-year school, you are sometimes not required to declare a major until the end of your second year. Read more about how and when to declare a major. What to Choose The obvious choice for a major is an area you enjoy and are good at. Remember, your career choice will most likely be reflected in your choice of a major, so the majority of your classes will revolve around that area of study. In choosing a career, it would be best to pick something that appeals to you now and will provide you with job prospects in the future.   How to Choose The most important thing to consider when choosing a college major is what you want to do with the rest of your life. If you choose a major that doesnt particularly interest you merely because a job in that field pays well, you could end up with a few bucks in the bank, but be extremely unhappy. Instead, you would do well to pick a major based on your interests and personality. Dont shy away from the hardest college majors if those fields interest you. If you enjoy them, you are more likely to succeed. For instance, if you’re not a people person you probably shouldnt consider a career in human resources. People who don’t like math or numbers shouldnt choose a career in accounting or finance. College Major Quiz If you’re unsure of what major to choose, it may benefit you to take a college assessment quiz to help you pinpoint a college major based on your personality. A quiz of this type isnt infallible but it can give you a general idea of what majors might suit you. Ask Your Peers Consult with the people who know you best. Your family and fellow students may be able to help you decide upon a major. Ask your peers for their advice. They may have an idea or point of view that you haven’t considered. Keep in mind that anything they say is just a suggestion. You dont have to heed their advice; you’re simply asking for an opinion. When You Cant Decide Some students find that they are torn between two career paths. In these cases, a double major may be appealing. Double majors allow you to study two things at once, such as business and law, and graduate with more than one degree. Majoring in more than one area can be beneficial, but it can also be difficultpersonally, financially, and academically. Consider it carefully before taking this path. And remember, you shouldnt be disheartened because you don’t know what direction you want your life to take. Many people don’t choose a major until they absolutely have to, and even then, change majors at least once.

Clone essays

Clone essays The biological definition of a clone is an organism that has the same genetic information as another organism or organisms, where else cloning is any process in which production of a clone is successful. These are facts that many people don't want them to become a reality within our humanity. On the other hand, other people support and want produce human clones. Who's right? Should we not let science advance freely? Should we take the power of God and mess around with it? Cloning is a big issue these days; the opinion of our community comes into conflict when debating this serious issue. Amazingly, the first attempts at artificial cloning were as early as the beginning of this century. Adolph Eduard Driesch allowed the eggs of a sea urchin develop into the two-blastomere stage. Then he separated it by shaking it in a flask and allowing them to grow. The cells developed into dwarf sea urchins. Driesch could not explain his experiments and gave up embryology for philosophy (McKinnel, 1979). The first implantation of a nucleus into an egg cell occurred in 1952 by Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King in Philadelphia. They had transferred the nuclei of Leopard Frogs' eggs (McKinnel, 1979). The egg cells did not develop. Successful cloning of embryo cells was accomplished later in the 1970's by Dr. John Gurdon. During the late seventies and early eighties, there were few scientists still studying cloning. Many had predicted that it was impossible to clone embryonic mammal cells. Few continued with research. Many gave up and went into other fields. However, some persisted and were rewarded for their efforts. In 1984, Dr. Steene Willadsen announced that he had successfully transferred nuclei from embryos of sheep to produce clones (Kolata, 1997). More exciting was when Dr. Neal First produced cows by nuclear transfer from more developed embryos in 1994 (Kolata, 3 June 1997). Dr. First produced four calves. Two years later, Dr. ...

A Guide to Internal Punctuation

A Guide to Internal Punctuation A Guide to Internal Punctuation A Guide to Internal Punctuation By Mark Nichol This post outlines the functions of punctuation marks employed within a sentence: the comma, the semicolon, the colon, and ellipses. Comma A comma performs a number of functions, including setting off elements of a list (â€Å"I’m going to order soup, salad, and an entrà ©e†) combining with a conjunction to separate two independent clauses (â€Å"She ordered dinner, but she declined the dessert menu†) separating a preceding dependent clause from the main clause (â€Å"Depending on the size of the entrà ©e, I might not order dessert†) separating a nonrestrictive relative clause from the main clause (â€Å"We were overwhelmed by the menu, which was six pages long†) setting off an adverb from the main clause (â€Å"Ordinarily, I would not order dessert†; â€Å"I would, ordinarily, not order dessert†; â€Å"I would not order dessert, ordinarily†) framing parenthetical phrases (â€Å"I will, just this once, order dessert†) setting off an appositive (â€Å"My favorite dessert, cheesecake, is missing from the menu†) setting off coordinate adjectives (â€Å"I feel like having a big, thick slice of cheesecake for dessert†) setting off an attribution from a quotation (â€Å"My friend said, ‘I’m going to order dessert’†) setting off one or more words identifying the subject of direct address (â€Å"John, are you going to order dessert?†) setting off a date from a year and parenthesizing the year (â€Å"January 1, 2018, dawned just like any other day†) setting off a city name from a state or country name and parenthesizing the state or country name (â€Å"Lebanon, Kansas, is the geographic center of the contiguous United States†) setting off a surname from a given name when the first-name, last-name order is inverted (â€Å"She is listed as ‘Doe, Jane’†) indicating ellipsis of one or more words (â€Å"Everything was as I remembered it- the church was white, the barn, red†). A comma should not separate a subject and a verb (as in the erroneous sentence â€Å"The tiramisu, is sublime†) except when it is closing a parenthetical phrase (â€Å"The tiramisu, as expected, is sublime†) or setting off repetition of a verb (â€Å"What it is, is sublime†). Likewise, a verb and its direct object should not be split asunder (as shown in the incorrectly punctuated sentence â€Å"She intuitively grasped, that she was in trouble.†) Another error that involves a comma is a comma splice, in which a comma, rather than a stronger punctuation mark such as a semicolon or a dash, appears between two independent clauses not separated by a conjunction, as in â€Å"You see a half-empty glass, I see a half-full one.† (An exception can be made for brief declarations, as in Julius Caesar’s famous summary â€Å"I came, I saw, I conquered.†) Semicolon The semicolon has two primary functions. First, it unites two closely related independent clauses, as in â€Å"You see a half-empty glass; I see a half-full one.† (In such cases, it takes the place of a period or a conjunction; including both a semicolon and a conjunction is an error.) Second, it replaces two or more commas in an in-line list (a list with a sentence) when one or more of the list items itself includes commas, as in â€Å"The names, as listed, are Doe, Jane; Jones, William; and Smith, John† or â€Å"I spotted many squirrels; several deer; and a hawk, an osprey, and a heron.† (If the list organization is obvious, as when list items begin with distinct verbs, commas may be employed, as in â€Å"She shopped at the supermarket, visited the bank and the credit union, and ran errands at the hardware store, the drugstore, and the dry cleaner’s.†) Earlier usage included setting off coordinate clauses in complex sentences or to otherwise signal a more pronounced pause than a comma would suggest, but these approaches, especially the former, are outdated. In quoted material, a semicolon always follows a close quotation mark. Also, the mark may seem too formal in the midst of a sentence in quotation marks; a dash more clearly conveys a transition to a separate assertion or idea, as in â€Å"Mary said, ‘Don’t go in the abandoned house- it’s not safe in there’† rather than â€Å"Mary said, ‘Don’t go in the abandoned house; it’s not safe in there.’† Colon A colon precedes quoted material set up by a complete statement rather than an attribution (â€Å"His reply was succinct: ‘Not a chance’†) an explanation (â€Å"We declined the invitation primarily for one reason: He insists on driving, and we don’t feel safe as his passengers†) a list (â€Å"The meal consists of the following courses: appetizer, salad, entrà ©e, and dessert†). It is also employed between pairs of numbers to represent ratios (â€Å"The results indicate a 5:3 ratio†) in references to time (â€Å"The next train is at 1:35†) in numerical representations of elapsed time (â€Å"The record stands at 3:26.00†) when citing biblical verses (â€Å"John 3:16 expresses the same sentiment†). A colon also separates a book’s title and subtitle or, in bibliographies, the city where a publisher is located and the name of the publisher. In formal writing, it follows the salutation. A colon always follows a close quotation mark. Ellipses Ellipsis means omission, but it primarily refers to a succession of three periods, called ellipses, usually interspersed with letter spaces, or a single symbol representing three periods. Style guides differ in which form is preferred, but the ellipsis symbol looks cramped, and use of ellipses (a series of periods) is more visually pleasing. Ellipses represent omission of one or more words in the middle of a sentence (â€Å"A friend . . . knows all about you and still loves you†); generally, they are unnecessary when omitting what precedes a partial quotation. The use of ellipses as terminal punctuation will be discussed in a separate post. Dash Uses of the dash are detailed in this post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words"Confused With" and "Confused About"10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

History of Nursing Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Nursing Higher Education - Essay Example Distance education has made it possible for those who wish to go into the nursing field to acquire their degrees-at least partially-and to attend classes in their field from home or from wherever there is an Internet connection. Nursing students do not need to live in the same area as the school in order to attend, which is definitely a huge change from traditional nursing education. The infusion of technology that has accompanied distance education has also brought other benefits to nursing education. Nursing students now have better equipment to practice on, such as more advanced patient simulators and patient care devices, and better resources from which to obtain knowledge, such as the Internet and vast online libraries. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008, pg. 2), "Technological advances are increasing opportunities to improve dramatically the quality of and access to nursing education. Further, technology affords increased collaboration among nursing faculties in teaching, practice, and research. Careful use of technology in education may well enhance the profession's ability to educate nurses for practice, prepare future nurse educators, and advance nursing science in an era when the number of professional nurses, qualified nurse faculty and nurse researchers is well below national need. To take full advantage of technology in education, several factors need to be addressed by nursing and other leaders in education and health care institutions, as well as by external funders and policy makers." Distance education has also made it possible for people from all over the world to become nurses that might not have been able to otherwise. This means that it necessarily increases the multicultural aspects of the field. It opens the doors of opportunity into the field for those who want to become nurses, but may not have the time to study at a traditional institution. Many distance learners are working adults who are very concerned with aspects such as time management when it comes to advancing their careers (White, 2003). Nursing Shortage According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008): The United States is in the midst of a nursing shortage that is expected to intensify as baby boomers age and the need for health care grows. Compounding the problem is the fact that nursing colleges and universities across the country are struggling to expand enrollment levels to meet the rising demand for nursing care. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) is concerned about the shortage of Registered Nurses (RNs) and is working with schools, policy makers, kindred organizations, and the media to bring attention to this health care crisis. AACN is working to enact legislation, identify strategies, and form collaborations to address the nursing shortage. A nursing shortage means that there is a serious need for recruitment into nursing schools. This can be challenging with biological scares such as MRSA, which will be discussed in the subsequent section of this assignment (Goold, 2006). MRSA According to Replidyne (2008, pg. 1), "Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a type of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to certain

Students' Rights to Their Own Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Students' Rights to Their Own Language - Essay Example Considering America is an English-speaking nation, the language of teaching, writing and giving any education instruction is preferably English. Immigrant Parents advocate for their children to learn the English language because it is the language of opportunities in America, where they reside (Goode Web). They argue that teaching the students in their native languages will jeopardize the student’s chances in the job market where the English language is dominant. This notion is however, facing criticism with some parties arguing that students should reserve the right to their own patterns and varieties of language while writing their academic work. Therefore, there have been arguments and counter arguments for and against the policy statement adopted by the National Council of Teachers of English in 1974, Students Right to Their Own Language. This paper briefly discusses pros and cons of National Council of Teachers of English policy on language and then supports the statement . The use of one’s language in communication is a complicated phenomenon. The way we speak and the way we write our academic works is largely different. In recent times, uniformity manifests between the two although much success is in the offing in accommodating communication in diverse dialects as proposed in the statement. The use of the written English faces criticism from the inclusive American minorities who have proposed a shift from this norm. A dialect is a language used by a defined group of people. The diversity in dialects is because of different age or educational groups that people belong (CCCC 5). As such, most speakers profess more than one dialect, which pose a great challenge to America’s education sector. Since a dialect closely relates to a culture, accepting a new dialect is like accepting a new culture and the reverse is true. Thus, switching a dialect is a complicated issue. A rejection of any dialect in favor of the American dialect is an act of discrimination and exertion of dominance over less prevalent dialects. Indeed, the success of any speaker cannot be defined by dialect. Undeniably, the right to student’s native dialects deserves respect. Additionally, as individuals tend to maturity, they incline to their language patterns, which are difficult to change (CCCC 7). In fact, the idea of forcing an adolescent to learn the Standard English dialect is a hard assignment that might work against them while competing with students who are naturally fluent in the English language. For the purposes of fairness, the students should use their own dialect in academic work. Similarly, no dialect is good to dismiss others in general use. Therefore, the plural student society will require multiple languages to address the education curriculum needs. Another challenge that resides in the Edited American English (EAE) is the ability to write. The EAE requires a lot of precision in writing, spelling, punctuations, and interpreta tion. It warrants competence to learn how to speak and write a different dialect fluently. Hence, students should use the dialect they are fluent in speaking, writting, and interpreting in their academic work. Additionally, the dialect that students use in reading does not affect the interpreted meaning of any piece of an academic work since reading involves decoding the meaning and not decoding the utterances (CCCC 9). Hence, the adoption by National Council of Teachers of English in 1974, on the Students Right to Their Own Language, was relevant (NCTE Web). To achieve

McDonalds Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

McDonalds - Case Study Example Beefs are not allowed in India for the Hindus. Indonesian prefer to eat more rice and rice based foods. America is the heartland for McDonald's with 50% of global sales. Europe has one third of global sale and is catching up fast, with 39% of global earnings. McDonald's has a presence in 40 European countries though 65% of European earnings come from the Big Three France, Germany and Britain. France is first by profits, with Germany second and Britain third. Russia is the market with the strongest growth with only about 200 McDonald's outlets. It is the group's most profitable market worldwide in operating income per restaurant. Global consumption for burgers and fries made sales at McDonald's soar high in 2007. The company had 2007 sales up 9% year-on-year to $22.8bn($20.5 billion in 2005). Revenue in 2005, $5bn and net profit$2.26bn in 2005. Operating income fell 12% to $3.9b.Europe in 2007 over 2006 result, with sales up 7.5% year-on-year, contributed operating income of $2.13bn. There was disappointment over the fall of sale and operating income of the company resulting in drop in share price of McDonald's. McDonald has three major problems in Europe from where it gets its one third of its revenue. The beef crisis, which was supposed to create brain damage and foot and mouth disease, haunted the company's food business badly. This caused the reduction in consumption of McDonald's food by 60% in Germany and also in other European countries. This problem is now subsiding. This is a big problem because it concerns with health of human being, which is very sensitive matter. Weakening euro that hampered the sale of US products in terms of dollar causes the second problem. Weak euro reduced the dollar value of company sale in Europe. This is an economic problem a multinational company with thousands of outlets abroad will often face this problem because cross currency fluctuations. Third important problem mentioned later in this paper also is about the unhealth food by fast centres in general and by McDonald's in particular. The oily and fatty food damaged health but youths run after it. There is campaign all over the world against fast foods to distract students from them. Even Pricne Charls had riaed voice against it.The solution is recommende later in this paper. Supply strategy The company adopted the common strategy of opening more and more outlets in a country or in a city to increase its turnover. This made the supply side stronger to meet the growing demand of McDonald's food. The company also allowed the local outlet to change in the ingredients in the product to suit the local taste and menus. The company did not prefer the strategy to squeeze more out of the existing outlets but recently it has given green signal to bring changes to suit the local tastes. This strategy will increase the sales per restaurants and make the outlet organically stronger. Certain strategic changes in some restaurants with new interiors and new welcome logos of McDonald were made to attract new customers who look for changes. New McCafes' coffee shop chain has been started for serving the coffee lovers with special

Mother, daughter arrested in robbery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mother, daughter arrested in robbery - Essay Example She is being held on $250,000 bond at the Eastern Regional Jail awaiting extradition back to Washington County, Maryland where she is charged in warrants with robbery, armed robbery, being a fugitive from justice and other offenses. Her 16-year-old daughter, Jade Wilson, was arrested at Martinsburg High School about an hour before her mother’s arrest, was taken into custody and is being held on $125,000 bail at the Vicki V. Douglas Center. According to The Herald-Mail Company, it is not clear if she will be transferred to a juvenile facility in Maryland. Like her mother, she is awaiting extradition to Hagerstown, where the teen is expected to be charged as an adult. According to Sergeant Roy Harsh of the Washington County Sheriff’s Department, the bank robbery occurred when two females handed a teller a note and one woman showed a gun that she had in her sleeve. They left with an unspecified amount of money. During the time of the robbery, the bank was open and one customer was inside. The robbery was quick and very low-key and the customer inside the bank did not even note that it was going on. The two allegedly took the note back and swiftly left the bank with the money in a bag. Police believe that the two suspects climbed into a getaway car with a possible West Virginia registration. The sheriffs department says they used some of the money to pay $750 in back due rent. According to investigators, there is a possibility of more arrests in the case (McMillion, 2009). It is simply an act accompanied by specified circumstances and an essential element of a crime that must be proved to secure a conviction. The actus reus of the current case involved robbing the Susquehanna Bank branch in Halfway, Maryland. It is important to note that the suspects could not be punished for thinking criminal thoughts but for

Issue of "health & food " Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue of "health & food " - Essay Example The world health organization defined health it stated as a form of complete mental, physical and social well-being, .this does not focus on the absence of a disease. The statement means that, for one to be healthy, they must be stable in all aspects of human life. On the other hand, diet, needs to be balanced and focus on all classifications of carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins and mineral salts. The fact that people living in the United States have acquired an expensive lifestyle("â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders, 2015). It becomes hard for them to purchase a balanced diet food and thus go for fast foods that lack proper prescriptions on the right amounts of calories they contain. These leave them predisposed to diabetes and other heart conditions ("Food For Thought.2015). In support of these diseases, the government has been in the forefront because it imposes such policies that promote unhealthy lifestyles. As a start, restaurants sell foods that tend to bypass investigations on the amounts of calories eaten daily by individuals. The government has not taken it upon its responsibility to enact policies that look into such matters. The Food and Drug Administration policies, on the other hand, have gotten solaced on the issue of healthy eating habits, and the systems are weak to authorize and cut out such patterns from the society. In support of these, the government is the overall lawmaker. It has made health become a social issue instead of allowing people deal with it in personal ways. The fact that the proposal wishes to conduct a cross-sectional study to find out if the fast food companies do label their food packages, the research will also target the consumers of fast food, to find out what is their personal responsibility in ensuring that they choose the foods wisely. Through this, they avoid eating more or fewer calories that may pose a hazard to their health. This research will be relevant since the findings will help to inform

The project management in the construction and operation of a Assignment

The project management in the construction and operation of a restaurant - Assignment Example The technical component is necessary to recognize the critical activities that influence the total length of time a project takes to finish. The human resource elements deal with the issues of headship and worker inspiration within a group or team atmosphere. A project is an organized activity to accomplish an objective. It can be defined as a series of related tasks that are directed towards a common output which will be completed during a period of time. It is the planning, directing and controlling resources (people, equipment, material) to meet the technical, cost and time constraints of the project. A project is a completely new task; thus there are no repetitive activities. It will be operated for the first time and the challenge cannot be predicted which may incur in future. The team members have to be conscious about their work and should monitor whether they can achieve the desired objective. Thus there will be continuous evaluation, monitoring, controlling till the project is completed. In short, we can say that the project management has taken place during the overall life of the project. New project team will be formed and after accomplishing its objective, it will be dispersed. Thus there will be more time required for the team members to perform effectively and there should be a conscious effort to ensure the participation of the team members by way of effective communication and motivation. Responsibilities of the project manager: Project managers characteristically have a distinctive role within the conventional organisation structure. Most project management squads are multidisciplinary in character, concerning a wide variety of abilities and organisational units. Frequently these teams consist of people from engineering, operations and marketing, and from support services that include risk management, systems operations, auditing, and legal groups. Accordingly, today's project managers have to often cross conventional functional lines to achieve the support necessary for the completion of a project. In most occasions, this support is requested without formal authority. Therefore, the project manager must make a combined culture that relies a lot on social skills as well as practical expertise. Without the authority of a traditional functional manager and the allied system of rewards and penalties, project managers have to make their authority by building trust, respect, and credibility among project members, as well as by representing sound decision making - all within an exciting work situation. High-performance project teams: In today's multifaceted and hi-tech sophisticated environment, the cluster has remerged in significance in the structure of project teams, the qualities of a project team and its vital performance relied on many aspects that involve both people and structural matters. Even though each organisation has its own methods of performance, there is common agreement among project managers on which aspects are separated into the following four categories: 1. Task-associated variables are direct measures of task performance, such as the skill to generate standard results on time and within budget, inventive performance, and the skill to change. 2.

Issue of "health & food " Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue of "health & food " - Essay Example The world health organization defined health it stated as a form of complete mental, physical and social well-being, .this does not focus on the absence of a disease. The statement means that, for one to be healthy, they must be stable in all aspects of human life. On the other hand, diet, needs to be balanced and focus on all classifications of carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins and mineral salts. The fact that people living in the United States have acquired an expensive lifestyle("â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders, 2015). It becomes hard for them to purchase a balanced diet food and thus go for fast foods that lack proper prescriptions on the right amounts of calories they contain. These leave them predisposed to diabetes and other heart conditions ("Food For Thought.2015). In support of these diseases, the government has been in the forefront because it imposes such policies that promote unhealthy lifestyles. As a start, restaurants sell foods that tend to bypass investigations on the amounts of calories eaten daily by individuals. The government has not taken it upon its responsibility to enact policies that look into such matters. The Food and Drug Administration policies, on the other hand, have gotten solaced on the issue of healthy eating habits, and the systems are weak to authorize and cut out such patterns from the society. In support of these, the government is the overall lawmaker. It has made health become a social issue instead of allowing people deal with it in personal ways. The fact that the proposal wishes to conduct a cross-sectional study to find out if the fast food companies do label their food packages, the research will also target the consumers of fast food, to find out what is their personal responsibility in ensuring that they choose the foods wisely. Through this, they avoid eating more or fewer calories that may pose a hazard to their health. This research will be relevant since the findings will help to inform

Income statement Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Income statement - Coursework Example The revenue of a business also reflects the performance of its management. Thus, revenue is quite significant in assessing the present and future value of the business as a whole. Due to such importance of revenue in the business environment, steps have been taken by all the accounting bodies to ensure that revenues are not overstated in order to depict the financial performance better than it is in reality. Thus, it is established that revenues arising from sale of goods should be recognized only when the entity has transferred the significant risks and rewards associated with the goods to the buyer. The revenue in respect of rendering of services shall be recognized only when the outcome of the transaction through which services are rendered can be measured reliably. Product Expense: The expense incurred by a company in manufacturing a product is a product expense. These include direct materials, direct labour and factory overheads. These expenses become the part of the total cost of the product being produced. Period Expense: The expense incurred by a company during a financial period is a period expense. These expenses are shown in the Income statement in the period in which these are incurred. Examples of such costs are administrative costs, distribution costs, selling costs, rent of head office etc. The matching principle states that the costs incurred for earning revenue should be reported in the same accounting period in which the revenue has been recognized. Thus, where a company is engaged in the business of production and sale of a product, its revenue will be the sale proceeds derived from sale of its produce. However, when sales are recognized in financial statements as revenue, the inventory used in the production of finished goods sold shall also be recognized as cost of sales in the same period in order to comply with matching concept. Comparing the

War Poetry Essay Example for Free

War Poetry Essay Read Owens Dulce et Decorum est. the Kings speech before Agincourt in Shakespeares Henry v. Compare how and why the two Writers manipulate their audiences feelings about war. Dulce et Decorum est was written by Wilfred Owen during the time of world war one. The poem is known for its horrifying imagery and its condemnation of war. The difference between Dulce et Decorum est to Henry v, is that first of all it is written as a personal experience of war where as Henry v is written as a poem in a history play, so its themes and imagery is portrayed from a more personal perspective of war. William Shakespeare the famous playwright, is the author of the poem taken from the history play Henry V. The poem taken is a dramatic monologue by Henry v responding from a comment his cousin Westmoreland. The idea or theme of war is portrayed in both Owens D. E. D and William Shakespeares Henry v. , but they are put across in two very different ways. First of all in Henry v poem is more of a speech from a king ho is trying to install faith among his soldiers and most importantly his cousin Westmoreland. Where as Owens D. E. D is more of a physical and traumatizing account of a war that has already taken place. In Owens D. E. D we can see that the images that are given out are those of struggle not only physical suffering but also those of also mental suffering. With use of similes the physical suffering is shown to us. Coughing like hags is a simile used to relate to something we know and to give us not just to give us an image but a sound of the suffering. As hags is a word used to describe old witch like people. Whereas in HenryV the image created is that of honour and triumph. Images such as st crispians day a day created to remember the soldiers that fought for their country and king.

Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston :: essays research papers

Delia, a flower in a rough of weeds. That is what I got from this story in one sentence, although knowing my grammar possibly not. Hurston’s tale of a shattered woman, gives us a glimpse into what was possibly the life of women at that time. There were many convictions against men in the story, although it may have been unintentional, not to say she was a hard-core feminist there were episodes of male remorse. Narrator, this was a third person account, thus leaving much to the imagination. The conversation’s language was left as if truly taken from an African American speaker in the south in such a time. The way Hurston made the scenery appear before me was like a white sheet gets stained with red wine, unable to wash out of my mind. The narration was very brut in a grammatical manner, giving a wash bucket effect of never being settled. Many of the story’s aspects were dominated by setting a slow rise and crashing climax. There were many such climaxes, Pg. 2, Pg. 7, and Pg. 9, give this such evidence. The flow kept me interested, and would grasp my attention as a TV show would. Although is context was far from a TV show. There was much talk about civil lifestyles by the town folk, which were a particularly an odd selection of people to intervene in such a story. Although the reaction witnessed by this allowed us to get another insight, from a second person perspective. Hurston was very clear about here point of irony, especially by the ending. Hurston kept constant the folk lore style of story telling, by keeping a moral to the story. Many of the stories aspects in moral were shown indistinctively. There were not many hidden messages, Hurston made the story clear to let us easily grasp the moral. There were fore-telling of the end through out the story, such as in the 1st paragraph Pg.

Angels in America Essay -- Tony Kushner Literature Plays Essays

Angels in America The play Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes, by Tony Kushner, contained situations in which characters’ personalities underwent great changes from the beginning of the play to the end. One of the most significant and noticeable changes was that of Harper. She was married to the character named Joe, who she knew was gay and the way she dealt with this came to relate directly to her own sanity. In part one, Harper spent a lot of time with her imaginary friend and travel agent Mr. Lies. He was her escape mechanism from the horrible reality she could not deal with that was her life. In part two, Harper came to grips with her husband’s homosexuality and the fact that she was not going to change him. As Harper learned to deal with her husband’s sexuality she became more in touch with her own sanity. In part one Millenium Approaches, everything is falling apart in Harper’s life. She is well aware that her husband is gay. Despite not being told from his mouth, Harper knows and it bothers her that she is in a marriage where her husband secretly desires a partner of the opposite sex from her. Nothing seems to be going right and instead of dealing with reality, Harper takes Valium to escape from reality. Her imaginary friend and confidante Mr. Lies becomes her only companion. She can not function in real life anymore. She takes trips all over the world (imaginary world) just to get away. In Act Mr. Lies explains â€Å"We mobilized the globe, we sent people adrift, we stir the populace and send nomads eddying across the planet. We are adept of motion acolytes of the flux. Cash, check or credit card. Name your destination.† This quote illustrates the freedom that Mr. Lies allows Harper to experience. With the help of Mr. Lies, Harper could go anywhere in the w orld and have any experience without the burdens of real life travel. In Harper’s mind, she gained all of the real life advantages of getting away such as the feelings of escapism and relaxation, but did not have to deal with life’s hassles to obtain them. An example of the above is when Harper had Mr. Lies take her to Antarctica. Her reason for going there was to find people and the trip would ultimately numb her feelings and freeze her tears. â€Å"This is a retreat, a vacuum, its virtue is that it lacks everything; deep-freeze for feelings.. You can be... ... of the play she is taking the initiative to deal with her problems and more importantly take steps towards making things better in her real life. Towards the end of the play when Harper starts working out the situation with Joe’s homosexuality, Mr. Lies is around less and less. She did not need him anymore. He was simply an escape from having to deal with her real life. After Harper learned to handle what was thrown at her by life, she did not need Mr. Lies to take her away anymore. The interactions that Harper had with Mr. Lies represented her ability to deal with the truth. In Part One when he took her away all of the time and she went to him for advice, it was apparent that she could not handle her marriage and her life. Taking Valium and confiding in Mr. Lies was the only way that Harper knew out of her reality. In part II, Harper confronted her problems and was prepared to change what was wrong, she did not need an escape mechanism because she could now face the problems of her life that she could not admit and take care of when she would run to Mr. Lies. Harper grew from part I to part I, and the more she grew was the less she needed Mr. Lies to take her away.

Tomco-Hll Merger

Mumbai: Tata Chemicals, a Tata group company, and Hindustan Lever’s (HLL) Hind Lever Chemicals (HLCL) are merging together to form what would be the second-largest fertiliser company in India. This is the third time that the Tatas and HLL are coming together and this time it is in the fertilisers and chemicals businesses. Previously the two came together in the Hindustan Lever-Tomco deal in 1993 and Lakme-Lever in 1998. The Tatas hold 30 per cent and financial institutions hold 26 per cent stakes in Tata Chemicals.HLL holds 50-per cent stake in HLCL and the institutional holding is at over 9 per cent as on 31 December 2002. The boards of the two companies are meeting separately on 24 January 2003 to ratify the merger and the share-swap ratio. Sources close to the deal reveal that the valuation of Tata Chemicals is much higher than HLCL’s, hence the latter’s shareholders will be issued shares of the Tata group company. Analysts estimate the share-swap ratio will b e in the range of 2. 5 to 3:1 — that is, 2. 5 to three shares of Tata Chemicals for every share of HLCL held.The analysts say the merger between the two companies makes good business sense given its complementary qualities. The Rs 1,516-crore Tata Chemicals manufactures soda ash, salt and fertiliser. Its fertiliser production primarily comprises urea. The Rs 1,285-crore HLCL’s fertiliser business covers di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) complex NPK fertilisers and single super phosphate (SSP). With this merger Tata Chemicals will be present in all fertiliser product categories such as urea-ammonia, NPK and DAP and will also assume a leadership position in soda ash, salt and fine chemicals.Post-merger, Tata Chemicals will have an estimated turnover of about Rs 2,750 crore, profits of over Rs 170 crore and reserves of over Rs 1,600 crore. Sources say HLL, which holds a 50-per cent stake in HLCL, will see its holding dip to under 10 per cent while that of the Tatas in Tata Chem icals may go down to around 20 per cent from their present holding of around 30 per cent. HLL is also likely to keep some representation on the Tata Chemicals board to ensure a continued arrangement for sourcing the chemical STTP, a key ingredient for its detergents business.HLCL produces 80 per cent of India’s STTP output, of which HLL consumes 90 per cent. At present in India there are only two players in STPP, which makes it likely that the business of manufacture of the bulk chemical can turn into a cartel. Therefore, outsourcing the ingredient is not advisable. Moreover, the Haldia facility of HLCL is well integrated with STPP, DAP and sulphuric acid, among others. STPP also goes into DAP, fertiliser and soda ash, which will fit well into Tata Chemical’s business plan.HLL’s move in moving out of the chemicals and fertiliser business is in line with its corporate strategy to exit from its non-core activities, and in the past few years the company has been lo oking for a buyer for this business. Also HLL will move out of a non-core business at a time when its power-brand strategy is at a critical trajectory of growth. Some analysts feel that its important for HLL to retain a presence in the fertiliser business as HLCL’s fertiliser network provides a good backbone for its large-scale operations in the rural areas. HLL gets about 50 per cent of its revenues from the rural markets.Others say that in the long run it does not make good business sense for HLL to continue with its fertiliser business, which has achieved 100-per cent capacity expansion, and for which there is need for consolidation. In the era of size and scale, it makes sense to merge HLCL with a company that can provide the needed focus and thrust. Financially, both HLCL and Tata Chemicals are cash-rich. However, an unclear government policy on fertilisers, over-capacity in the soda-ash market and increasing competition in the branded salt market has led Tata Chemicals to look at future avenues of growth.This merger will give Tata Chemicals a borrowing power of Rs 300-400 crore at a crucial time when National Fertilisers (NFL) is coming up for divestment. Tata Chemicals, understood to have put in an expression of interest for two state-owned fertiliser companies, NFL and Madras Fertilisers, was said to be in talks with a number of fertiliser companies for a suitable ally. Talks of a possible merger with Tata group company Rallis India was put off after the latter severed the marketing arrangement with Tata Chemicals. There were also talks of a possible tie-up with an AV Birla group company, Indo Gulf Fertiliser, to jointly bid for NFL.Reacting to the merger announcement, the Tata Chemicals scrip jumped 9. 81 per cent to close at Rs 66. 60 on the Bombay Stock Exchange on 22 January 2003, while the HLCL scrip closed at Rs 187, up Rs 17 over its previous day’s close. The Rs 1,433-crore Tata Chemicals posted profits of Rs 126 crore last year an d had reserves of Rs 1,370 crore. The debt-free HLCL, on the other hand, posted a profit of Rs 47 crore on a turnover of Rs 1,284 crore the previous year. Moreover, Tata Chemicals reported an increase of 8. 3 per cent in net profit to Rs 47 crore n the second quarter ended September 2002, and a 13-per cent increase in sales to Rs 439 crore. Urea, which contributes 45. 9 per cent to the company’s total revenues, is under government control and a lack of clarity in the fertiliser policy has been a contributing factor to the ambiguity. HLCL reported a 47-per cent rise in net profit to Rs 7. 40 crore in the second quarter ended September 2002, mainly due to higher topline growth and a sharp reduction in interest expenses. Total sales during the quarter rose by 11 per cent to Rs 300. 59 crore

The Carl Roger Concept

PP 8203 Practicum III Fall 2007 INSTRUCTOR: |Marjorie Witty | PHONE: |(312) 777-7702 | EMAIL: |[email  protected] edu | FAX: | | ALT PHONE: |(773) 327-1046 | REQUIRED TEXTS: |Title |Client-centered therapy:   Its current practice, implications and theory | |Author(s) |Rogers, Carl R. |Copyright |1951/ 2003 | |Publisher |Houghton Mifflin/ Constable & Robinson, Ltd. | |ISBN |1841198404   | |Edition |   | Title |Embracing nondirectivity | |Author(s) |Levitt, B. (Ed. ) | |Copyright |2005 | |Publisher |Ross-on-Wye, UK:   PCCS Books www. pccs-books. co. k | |ISBN | 898059683 | |Edition |2005 | This Course Requires the Purchase of a Course Packet: YES NO RECOMMENDED READINGS |Title |Person-centered therapy: A revolutionary paradigm | |Author(s) |Bozarth, J.D. | |Copyright | | |Publisher |Ross-on-Wye, UK:   PCCS Books www. pccs-books. co. uk | |ISBN |1898059225 | |Edition |1998 | Title |The tribes of the person-centred nation: An introduction to the schools of therapy related to the person-centered approach. | |Author(s) |Sanders, P. (Ed. ), | |Copyright | | |Publisher |Ross-on-Wye, UK:   PCCS Books www. pccs-books. co. k | |ISBN |1898059608 | |Edition | | Argosy University Illinois School of Professional Psychology Doctoral Practicum III PP 8203 Fall 2007 Syllabus Instructor: Marjorie Witty, Ph. D. Phone: (312) 777-7702 E-mail: [email  protected] eduOffice: 1325 Office hours: Tuesday 1:00 – 3:00; Thursday 10:00 – 12:00 Class meetings: Mondays, 3:30 – 4:45 Required readings Levitt, B. E. (2005). Embracing Nondirectivity. Ross on Rye, UK: PCCS Books. ISBN: 1 898059 68 3. Available from: www. pccs-books. co. uk (On reserve) (EN) Rogers, Carl R. (1951) Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Newer edition: Constable & Robinson, Ltd. (2003). ISBN 1841198404. (On reserve) Wampold, B. E. (2001) The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings.Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Articles as assigned will be forwarded to you through e-mail. This course does not require the purchase of a course packet. (O) in the syllabus denotes available online or through e-mail, EN refers to Levitt text. CRR refers to Kirschenbaum & Henderson's The Carl Rogers Reader available in Library. Recommended Books (see attached bibliography at end of syllabus. Learning Objectives 1. Achievement of competence in empathic following response process, as assessed by performance in taped therapy sessions. 2.Expanding self-awareness of personal reactions and feelings during the therapy sessions measured by class discussion and students’ self-reports in the comments submitted with each of their therapy tapes. 3. Mastery of basic theory of client-centered therapy (or other orientation) through completion of all assigned readings; assessed by students’ transcript commentaries, participation in discussion. 4. Increased ability to evaluate oneâ₠¬â„¢s own work as a novice therapist, assessed by final self-evaluation and submission of CEC in Spring 2008. Required Assignments:Each term you will be required to present your taped session with a client from your site. Bring an audible tape. Inaudible or hard-to-hear tapes are not acceptable. Check your tape before presenting! Provide a transcript of 20 minutes of the session (any 20 minute segment is fine, but cue up your tape to coincide with the transcript before class. Bring a case conceptualization of 2 – 3 pages. Format will be covered in class. Be sure to obtain a good tape recorder from the library or bring your own on the day you are assigned to present. Schedule of presentations will be determined on the first day of class.Grading and evaluation policy Therapy practicum seminars are graded â€Å"credit/no credit. † In order to successfully complete your practicum, you must receive credit from your site supervisor, from your seminar instructor and pass your Clinical Evaluation Competency (CEC) in Spring 08. The main method of evaluation will be the comments you and I make about your tape assignments and my assessment of success in implementing the necessary and sufficient attitudinal conditions set forth by Carl Rogers. If you are having problems with the assignments, please see me to discuss the difficulty. Attendance at all classes is required.Course Outline, Readings, and Assignments September 10 Introduction to Seminar. Assignments for tape presentations. Required readings for September 10th to be read before the first class: Rogers, C. R. (1951) The attitude and orientation of the counselor. Chapter 2 of Client-centered therapy. (On reserve) Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. (CRR, pp. 219-235). September 17 Tape Presentation 1: Defining practice; goals of therapy. Evaluating progress. Required readings: Brodley, B. T. Client-centered therapy: An expressive therapy. (O ) Brodley, B.T. Empathic understanding: Observations of a CC practice (O) Brodley, B. T. Instructions for the clinical interview. (O) (http://adpca. org/articles. html) September 24 Discussion: Ethics Confidentiality and its limits; taping/transcribing and disposition of records. Therapeutic boundaries. Required reading: Brodley, B. T. Ethics in psychotherapy. (handout) October 1 Tape Presentation 2: October 8 Discussion: Empathy, unconditional positive regard Required readings: Witty, M. , Raskin, N. J. , Rogers, C. R.. (in press). Client-Centered Therapy. In Corsini & Wedding (Eds. ), Current Psychotherapies.Excerpt of session by Brodley w/ commentary by Witty (O) October 15 Tape Presentation 3: October 22 Discussion: Congruence: A frequently misunderstood condition Required readings: Brodley, B. T. (1998/2001). Congruence and its relation to communication in client-centered therapy. The Person-Centered Journal, 5(2), 83-116. (In the library) October 29 Tape Presentation 4 Novembe r 5 Multiculturalism & Diversity Issues Required readings: Glauser & Bozarth, J. D. (2001). Person-centered counseling: The culture within. Journal of Counseling & Development, 07489633, Spring2001, Vol. 79, Issue 2 Database: Academic Search EliteMier, S. & Witty, M. Considerations of race and culture in the practice of non-directive client-centered therapy. In Carl Rogers Counsels a Black Client. (O) (on reserve) Knopf, N. Working with gay couples. Witty, M. (2005). Nondirectiveness and the problem of influence. (EN) November 12 Tape Presentation 5 November 19 Chronic Mental Illness and the significantly impaired Required readings: Sommerbeck, L. (2005). Nondirective therapy with clients diagnosed with a mental illness. (EN) Wilders, S. (2005) An exploration of nondirective work with drug and alcohol users. (EN) Recommended: Prouty, G. 1994) Theoretical evolutions in person-centered/experiential therapy: Applications to schizophrenic and retarded psychoses. Westport, CN: Praeger. ( On reserve) Prouty, G. , Van Werde, D. & Portner, M. (2002). Pre-therapy: Reaching contact-impaired clients. Ross on Wye, UK: PCCS Books. (On reserve) Shlien, J. M. (1961/2003). A client-centered approach to schizophrenia: First approximation. In A. Burton (Ed. ), The Psychotherapy of the Psychoses (pp. 285- 317). New York: Basic Books. Also in To Lead an Honorable Life: Invitations to think about Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach. Edited by P. Sanders.Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. (On reserve) November 26 Tape Presentation 6 December 3 How clients make therapy work. Required readings: Brodley, B. T. (in press). Non-directivity in client-centered therapy. (O) Bohart, A. C. Chapters from How Clients Make Therapy Work. Recommended: Bohart, A. C. & Tallman, K. (1999) How clients make therapy work. Washington, D. C. : APA. December 10 CCT case conceptualization and prep for CEC. Required reading: Rogers, C. R. (1961) Ellen West—and Loneliness. (in CRR, pp. 157-1 68) Shlien, John M. (1987/2003) A Countertheory of Transference. Person-Centered Review, 2 (1), 15-49. Reprinted in Shlien, J.M. (2003). To Lead an Honorable Life: Invitations to think about Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach. Edited by P. Sanders. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. (O)(also on reserve) Program Outcomes: The Doctoral program in Clinical Psychology at Argosy University, Chicago Campus is an APA accredited program (APA, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002, 202-336-5500). This program is designed to educate and train students so that they may eventually be able to function effectively as clinical psychologists. To ensure that students are prepared adequately, the curriculum provides for the meaningful integration of heory, training and practice. The Clinical Psychology program at Argosy University Chicago Campus emphasizes the development of attitudes, knowledge, and skills essential in the formation of professional psychologists who are committed to the ethical provision of quality services. Specific objectives of the program include the following: †¢ Goal 1: Prepare professional psychologists to accurately, effectively, and ethically select, administer, score, interpret, and communicate findings of appropriate assessment methods informed by accepted psychometric standards and sensitive to the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. OBJECTIVE 1A: ACCURATELY AND ETHICALLY ADMINISTER AND SCORE VARIOUS PSYCHODIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS. o Objective 1b: Accurately interpret and synthesize assessment data in the context of diversity factors, referral questions, and specific objectives of the assessment, and organize and communicate results in writing and orally. o Objective 1c: Examine psychometric properties of psychological assessment instruments, and use that knowledge to evaluate, select, administer, and interpret psychological tests and measures appropriate for the client, the referral question, and the objectives of the ass essment. Goal 2: Prepare professional psychologists to select, implement, and evaluate psychological interventions consistent with current ethical, evidence-based, and professional standards, within a theoretical framework, and with sensitivity to the interpersonal processes of the therapeutic relationship and the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. o Objective 2a: Synthesize the foundations of clinical psychology, including psychopathology, human development, diagnosis, diversity, ethics, and various therapeutic models in clinical applications. Objective 2b: Select, plan, and implement ethical and evidence-based interventions with sensitivity to the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. o Objective 2c: Demonstrate knowledge, skills, and attitudes to effectively implement and participate in psychological consultation and supervision. Objective 2d: Demonstrate personal development and self-reflective capacity, including growth of interpersonal skills, and therapeuti c relationships. †¢ Goal 3: Prepare professional psychologists to analyze the complexity and multidimensionality of human diversity, and emonstrate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to understand diverse worldviews and the potential meaning of social, cultural, and individual differences for professional psychological services. †¢ Goal 4: Prepare professional psychologists to examine the historical context and the current body of knowledge of biological, cognitive, affective, developmental, and social bases of human functioning. †¢ Goal 5: Prepare professional psychologists to critically evaluate the current and evolving body of scholarly literature in psychology to inform professional practice. Disability StatementIt is the policy of the Argosy University/Chicago to make reasonable accommodations for qualified students with disabilities, in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). If a student with disabilities needs accommodations to c omplete the instructor’s course requirements, the student must notify the Director of Student Services. Procedure for documenting student disability and the development of reasonable accommodation will be provided to students upon request. Students will be notified by the Director of Student Services when each request for accommodation is approved or denied in writing via a designated form.It is the student’s responsibility to present the form (at his or her discretion) to the instructor in order to receive the requested accommodations in class. In an effort to protect student privacy, Student Services will not discuss the accommodation needs of any student with instructors. Instructor’s Note: If you choose not to disclose that you have a disability which affects your academic or clinical performance, then you are taking full responsibility for any related consequences which may occur.I cannot accommodate what I don’t know about. You need not disclose the diagnosis or the nature of the disability itself, you need only bring me your accommodation letter. Disclosing a disability after an assignment is due is too late to be helpful for that assignment although accommodations can be made from that point forward. Academic dishonesty/plagiarism statement The University seeks to foster a spirit of honesty and integrity. Any work submitted by a student must represent original work produced by that student.Any source used by a student must be documented through normal scholarly references and citations, and the extent to which any sources have been used must be apparent to the reader. The University further considers resubmission of a work produced for one course in a subsequent course or the submission of work done partially or entirely by another to be academic dishonesty. It is the student’s responsibility to seek clarification from the course instructor about how much help may be received in completing an assignment or exam or pro ject and what sources may be used.Students found guilty of academic dishonesty or plagiarism shall be subject to disciplinary action up to and including dismissal from the University. Technology Statement The University encourages the use of technology throughout the curriculum. This course uses methods such as email communication, videotapes and online syllabus and assignments. Save this syllabus Retain a copy of the syllabus as documentation of coursework that might be needed for licensure. This page is to be turned in to your instructor. It will be held by your instructor until after the grade appeal time allotment.PP8203 Practicum Seminar III Fall 2007 I, ____________________________________, have read this syllabus and understand the course requirements. Date: _____________________________________ Note: many of these readings can be found online or will be on reserve in the library. You are only required to obtain the books listed at the top of the syllabus. Recommended Reading s: Asay T. P. , & Lambert M. J. (1999). The empirical case for the common factors in therapy: Quantitative findings. In M. A. Hubble, B. L. Duncan, & S. D. Miller (Eds. ), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp. 3-55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Bohart, A. C. (2004). How do clients make empathy work? Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 3(2), 102-116. Bozarth, J. D. (1998). Person-centered therapy: A revolutionary paradigm. Ross on Wye, UK: PCCS Books. (On reserve) Brodley, B. T. (1999b). A client-centered demonstration in Hungary. In I. Fairhurst, Women Writing in the Person-Centered Approach, (pp. 85-92). Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Brodley, B. T. (1997). The nondirective attitude in client-centered therapy. Person-Centered Journal, 4(1), 18-30. Brodley, B. T. 1999a). Reasons for responses expressing the therapist’s frame of reference in client-centered therapy. Person-Centered Journal, 6(1), 4–27. Brodley, B. T . (2000). Client-centered: An expressive therapy. In J. Marques-Teixeira & S. Antunes (Eds. ), Client centered and experiential psychotherapy (pp. 133-147). Linda a Velha, Portugal: Vale & Vale. Brodley, B. T. (2001). Congruence and its relation to communication in client-centered therapy. In G. Wyatt (Ed. ) Rogers’ Therapeutic Conditions: Evolution, Theory and Practice, Volume I Congruence. (pp. 55-78) Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Eells, T. D. 2007) Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation. New York: Guilford. Elliott, R. (2002). The effectiveness of humanistic therapies: A meta-analysis. In D. J. Cain & J. Seeman (Eds. ). Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research and Practice (pp. 57-81). Washington, D. C. : American Psychological Association. Kirschenbaum, H. , & Henderson, V. L. (Eds. ) (1989). The Carl Rogers Reader. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Kirschenbaum, H. , & Jourdan, A. (2005). The current status of Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach. Psychotherap y: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42 (1), pp. 37-51. Lambert, M. J. Ed. ). (2004). Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th Ed. ). New York: Wiley. Lietaer, G. , Rombauts, J. , & Van Balen, R. (1990). Client centered and experiential psychotherapy in the nineties. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. Luborsky, L. , Singer, B. & Luborsky, L. (1975). Comparative studies of psychotherapies: Is it true that â€Å"everyone has won and all must have prizes†? Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 995-1008. Mearns, D. (2003). Problem-centered is not person-centered. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 3(2), 88-101. Mier, S. & Witty, M. (2004).Considerations of race and culture in the practice of non-directive client-centered therapy. In R. Moodley, C. Lago, & A. Talahite (Eds. ), Carl Rogers counsels a Black client (pp. 85-104). Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Miller, R. B. (2004). Facing human suffering: Psychology and psyc hotherapy as moral engagement. Washington, D. C. : APA. Moon, K. (2002). Nondirective client-centered work with children. In J. C. Watson, R. N. Goldman & M. S. Warner (Eds. ), Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy in the 21st century: Advances in theory, research and practice (pp. 485-492), Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.Moon, K. (in press). A client-centered review of Rogers with Gloria. Journal of Counseling & Development. Muran, C. (2007). Dialogues on difference: Studies of diversity in the therapeutic relationship. Washington, D. C. : APA. Patterson, J. , Albala, A. A. , McCahill, M. E. , & Edwards, T. M. (2006). The therapist’s guide to psychopharmacology: Working with patients, families, and physicians to optimize care. New York: Guilford. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95–103. Roge rs, C. R. (1959a). The essence of psychotherapy: A client-centered view. Annals of Psychotherapy, 1, 51–57. Rogers, C. R. (1959b). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed. ), Psychology: A study of science, Vol. 3. Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 184 –256). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68 – 78. Sanders, P. (Ed. ), The tribes of the person-centred nation: An introduction to the schools of therapy related to the person-centered approach. ISBN: 1898059608 Available from: www. pccs-books. co. uk (On reserve) Sanders, P. (Ed. ) (2003). To lead an honorable life: A collection of the work of John M. Shlien. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Schmid, P. F. (2003). The characteristics of a person-centered approach to therapy and counseling: Criteria for identity and coherence. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 2(2), 104-120. Sommerbeck, L. (2003).The client-centered therapist in psychiatric contexts: A therapist’s guide to the psychiatric landscape and its inhabitants. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Wampold, B. E. (2006). Not a scintilla of evidence to support empirically supported treatments as more effective than other treatments. In J. C. Norcross, L. E. Beutler & R. F. Levant (Eds. ) Evidence-Based Practices in Mental Health: Debate and Dialogue on the Fundamental Questions (pp. 299-307). Washington, D. C. : American Psychological Association. Watson, N. (1984). The empirical status of Rogers’s hypotheses of the necessary and sufficient conditions for effective psychotherapy.In R. F. Levant, & J. M. Shlien (Eds), Client-centered therapy and the person-centered approach: New directions in theory, research, and practice (pp. 17-40). New York: Praeger. We sten, D. , Novotny, C. M. & Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004). The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 631-663. Wilkens, P. & Bozarth, J. (2001), Unconditional positive regard: Rogers’ therapeutic conditions: Evolution, theory and practice. Ross-on-Wye, England: PCCS books. On reserve) Witty, M. C. (2004). The difference directiveness makes: The ethics and consequences of guidance in psychotherapy. The Person-Centered Journal, 11, 22-32. Zimring, F. M. (2000). Empathic understanding grows the person†¦.. Person-Centered Journal, 7(2), 101-113. Zimring, F. M. (1995). A new explanation for the beneficial results of client centered therapy: The possibility of a new paradigm. Person-Centered Journal, 2(2), 36-48. Zur, O. (2007). Boundaries in psychotherapy: Ethical and clinical explorations. Washington, D. C. : APA.