Societys Reliance on Technology free essay sample

Earliest technology b. Periods of important technological development c. What does the future hold? 2. Advocates of technology a. Steve Jobs b. Bill Gates useful Technology 3. a. Internet b. Organ transplant c. Mobile phones 4. Outdated Technology a. Video tape b. Analog phones c. TV antenna 5. Examples of Technological Reliance a. Social media b. Medicine c. Transportation systems d. Computers 6. What if technology disappeared? a. Immediate impact b. Long-term solutions Our group has chosen to research the topic Societys Reliance on Technology. Our group members are Matthew Miller, Isaac Scott and Kenny Scott. Since our topic Is Societys Reliance on Technology, it is important to look at the development of technology over history. Technology had to start somewhere, and It will continue to evolve and advance, so these will be important sub-topics to look into. Not only did technology have Its origins, there were Individuals who advocated and supported Its development. Two key figures in the technological frontier were Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. We will write a custom essay sample on Societys Reliance on Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We will take a look at some of the stances they took in pushing technology forward. Isaac Scott will be covering these two sections. In handling the aspect of reliance, there are two facets of technology that must be analyzed: useful technology that Is essential to our everyday lives and outdated technology which had Its purpose at one point in time but is no longer useful. Matthew Miller will be exploring these two facets of technology. Once we have explored those two sub-topics, it is now necessary to explore the reliance part of our overall topic. Where do we as a society place the most emphasis on technology? Is it possible to survive without these tOf6 technology disappeared? Could we survive as a society? What would we need to do to establish a successful future without technology? Kenny Scott will explore these important issues. In order to evaluate societys reliance on technology, we must first look back to where technology came from. Once we determine where it came from, we can track its evolution over the last several centuries. The earliest record of invented technology is dated around 2400 B. C. It was around this century that the abacus was first introduced in ancient Babylonia. The abacus was one of the first calculators introduced to man. Several centuries later, in 300 B. C. , Pingala invented the binary number system . Just before the turn of the millennium in 87 B. C. , the first device to track galactic movements is invented and named the Antikythera Mechanism. As the world moved out of the B. C. era, the world of technology would begin to advance at a much more rapid pace. Liang Ling-Can invented the first truly mechanical clock in 724. One of the most significant inventions of all time, the movable printing press, was introduced in China sometime in the early 1000s. In order to counter the biological effect of deteriorating eyesight, the earliest eyeglasses ere introduced in the late 1200s. Johann Gutenberg would improve upon the Chinese movable printing press model with a new version that included the ability to organize the type alphabetically. One of the greatest inventors in our history, Leonardo Da Vinci, would become notable around the 1500s for his many technological revelations. Galileo would also become quite famous for many of his inventions, including the pendulum, the thermometer and the microscope. Other inventions continued to make their appearance during the Renaissance era, such as he telescope and adding machines, but the next serious step in the evolution of technology took place around the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution saw the transition from rural, farm life to urban, factory settings. The steam engine was introduced around the eighteenth century. This invention would revolutionize the industrial setting as well as transportation across land and water. Benjamin Franklin made significant contributions with his use of the lightning rod and the stove. Steam power began to make a more immediate impact in factories and mills towards the late 1700s. Another significant invention to come out of the Industrial Revolution was the cotton gin. The field of medicine saw breakthroughs when vaccinations were introduced in 1798 and nitrous oxide a year later. Transportation took a leap forward with the inventions of the steamboat and the locomotive, and later the steam locomotive. Computers are an everyday necessity in our lives now, but they had to start out somewhere. One of the first computers introduced was in 1822 by Charles Babbage.

Personal Essay Example about Happiness What Happiness Means to Me

Personal Essay Example about Happiness What Happiness Means to Me This sample essay about happiness will give you the idea of what essay about happiness should look like. In the future, you may use it as the idea for your written project about happiness. Perhaps its safe to say that most people want to be happy. They want to enjoy being here in this big, crazy, confusing world. But too many people struggle with being truly happy. They cant seem to find happiness in life. To them, it is something that doesnt just come naturally. Fortunately, there are plenty of strategies people can use to create happiness, or at least strive for it. It really depends on ones desire always to feel joy, to feel gratitude even when it is difficult to find, to have the right people by the side, and an exciting job – or at least a hobby – that they feel good about doing, that somehow brings meaning, direction, and purpose into their lives. PERSUASIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE: IS EDGAR POES THE TELL-TALE HEART TOLD BY UNRELIABLE NARRATOR? Happiness doesnt happen out of anywhere – it has to be worked on; it has to be produced, created, discovered, built from the ground up. And it has to be a decision in ones mind: the decision to be happy. The procedure is quite simple, believe it or not. One must have a conviction to be happy no matter what trouble life throws at them. Sometimes, life can undoubtedly disrupt a persons happiness, getting in the way of them enjoying every day of it, with all the countless and never-ending mishaps and suffering. Happiness is a special feeling, something that comes to those who expect it and, therefore, deserve it. Having gratitude – the quality of being thankful; a readiness to show appreciation for and to return kindness – is another way people of all cultures cultivate happiness. Instead of focusing their mental and spiritual energy on negative things, like bills, financial problems, health issues, happy people focus on being alive and not decrepit, having people to love and support them, waking up in the morning, having a purpose of pursuing, being able to breathe and think and eat and pray and love. They are grateful for anything and everything. Happy people make gratitude a daily habit, even a ritual. You will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life.   Albert Camus People are so lonely much of their lives that they fail to recognize toxicity in their relationships. Cynical, selfish, and untrustworthy people do their friends more harm just by being around them. Life is pretty lonely, and people are lonely. Some people die alone soon after they are brought into this world. But happy people dont focus on this. They focus on building healthy, happy relationships with people because they know how essential relations are to their quality of life, if not only for this reason. People need the company of others to reduce their feelings of loneliness, which could likely cause one to dwell on negative things, like death, problems, and hardships, etc. So people must be conscientious and picky and skeptical when getting close to people and allowing strangers into their lives. Not everyone has good intentions. Many exploit others kindness. It happens to the best people out there. Happiness also is dependent upon how one spends their time, as in their job. Most of the workers spend at least 40 hours working each week; thats at least 160 hours a month, and close to – if not more than – 2,000 hours a year doing their job. This means that to be happy, one may have to make crucial decisions regarding the job or career they choose. If the job makes them a worse person the one they dont want to be if this job causes them to resent their life, they should probably look for another post. It doesnt make them happy, it doesnt fulfill them – and it detracts from their happiness. In conclusion, happiness can most certainly be found – and not just momentary pleasure, but genuine, long-lasting happiness, which is not something that comes to a person randomly. In fact, most people have to work very hard for a very long time to finally find happiness, to create the best possible version of it. Moreover, it is something that any person can build on their own. It is not unattainable. Happiness can happen to anyone, mostly because everyone deserves to be happy. Did you like this essay? Here are some other essay samples to get inspired and write your own work: INFORMATIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE  Ã‚  EXPOSITORY ESSAY EXAMPLE Weve got a lot of sample essays for your inspiration. However, if you need your academic writing assignment to be done by professional writers, researchers, and editors, place an order and get your essay written on time and at the highest quality level.

Explanation of Positive Behavioral Support Matrix Essay

Explanation of Positive Behavioral Support Matrix - Essay Example The steps which are essential for process of PBS are the following,1. Behavior support team building: The process begins by developing a team which will be consists of the key stakeholders who are involved with the school children’s life. Family members, friends, and early educator can be the part of the team.2. Child-oriented planning: This process brings the team members together and discusses the strength of the child and his future vision and mission which will ultimately support the child and his family.3. Behavioral and functional assessment: It involves the collection of data, observing them, and analysis of the information to develop a clear and proper understanding of the relationship between the events which trigger the behavior of the child. 4. Development of hypothesis: Assessment process can be completed by a proper behavioral hypothesis statement. It will give a summarized view about the behavior, triggers, and its consequences. 5. Development of support plan: Ac cording to the result of hypothesis a support plan should be developed, the components of which should be related to the prevention strategy which will be in the alignment with the problem behavior.6. Monitor outcome: Evaluate the outcome and effectiveness. It should include the measurement of positive changes in problem behavior and achieve new skill for a more efficient outcome.Positive behavioral support is related to three kinds of prevention level such as primary level, secondary level and tertiary level (Sailor, 2009).

Tuberous Sclerosis A Rare Disease Research Proposal

Tuberous Sclerosis A Rare Disease - Research Proposal Example Definition of Tuberous Sclerosis Tuberous Sclerosis is one of the genetic and rare disorders being closely monitored and evaluated by the Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) under the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (ORDR, 2009). It was thereby defined as â€Å"a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous noncancerous (benign) tumors in many parts of the body† (ORDR, 2009, par. 1). The definition provided by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes (NINDS) more comprehensively identified the affected parts of the body, to wit: â€Å"Tuberous sclerosis--also called tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) - is a rare, multi-system genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. It usually affects the central nervous system and results in a combination of symptoms including seizures, developmental delay, behavioral problems, skin abnorma lities, and kidney disease† (NINDS, 2012, par. 1). Both definitions classify this disorder as genetic and manifested through multiple growths of specifically identified tumors in different parts of the body. Causes Since the disease is classified under genetic and rare disorder, its cause is thereby traced through inheritance (PubHealth Med, 2010). As disclosed, â€Å"changes (mutations) in two genes, TSC1 and TSC2, are responsible for most cases of the condition. Only one parent needs to pass on the mutation for the child to get the disease. However, most cases are due to new mutations, so there usually is no family history of tuberous sclerosis† (PubHealth Med, 2010, pars. 2 & 3). This means that although most cases have identified the cause to be directly handed to the sibling from even one parent, there have been cases where both parents did not carry a defective gene but new mutations were manifested. Known through a process called â€Å"gonadal mosaicism. These p atients have parents with no apparent defects in the two genes that cause the disorder. Yet these parents can have a child with TSC because a portion of one of the parent's reproductive cells (sperm or eggs) can contain the genetic mutation without the other cells of the body being involved† (NINDS, 2012, par. 8). Symptoms The symptoms for this illness were categorized into three: skin symptoms, brain symptoms,and other symptoms, and are hereby detailed as follows: (1) skin symptoms include: areas of the skin that are white (due to decreased pigment) and have either an ash leaf or confetti appearance; red patches on the face containing many blood vessels (adenoma sebaceum); and raised patches of skin with an orange-peel texture (shagreen spots), often on the back; (2) brain symptoms include: developmental delays, mental retardation, seizures; and (3) other symptoms include: pitted tooth enamel, rough growths under or around the fingernails and toenails, rubbery noncancerous tu mors on or around the tongue (PubHealth Med, 2010). Genetic Make-Up The explanation provided by Howell (n.d.) on the genetic analysis of this illness clearly and explicitly illustrated the mutation in one of two identified genes, the â€Å"TSC1 gene is located on chromosome 9q34 and the TSC2 gene on chromosome 16p13† (Howell: Gene Analysis, n.d, par. 1). The illustrations are hereby presented as

Proctor and Elizabeth change Essay Example for Free

Proctor and Elizabeth change Essay How does the relation ship between Proctor and Elizabeth change from the beginning of the play until now?  In the beginning of the play John speaks about Elizabeth once to Abigail. Abby has said that Elizabeth was a cold and sickly wife. John says to her that she has no right to speak of his wife in such a manner and renounces the comment about her being sickly. He does not, although, dismiss Abbys charge that Elizabeth is a cold wife. But, he means it is because of him that she is this way. In the beginning of Act 2 there was a great feeling of detachment and tension in the Proctor household. We see John trying to start a conversation with Elizabeth and she only gives him short answers to please him. Then the tide turns to her questioning him and he is the one that becomes short with her because she is requesting that he go to Salem and confess that Abigail is liar. To do that, though he must confess his sin. During most of the scene theyre not sure of each other. She doesnt quite trust him, but she loves him. Proctor believes himself to be an abomination in his own eyes and according to his own high standards and especially in the eyes of God. He only wants his wifes trust in him restored and for her to love him again. At the end of the act is where you feel the great love that they hold Proctor holds for her. When she is arrested he nearly gets into a fight with Cheever because he is going to chain her. He knows that she is being arrested because of his mistake. He verbally fights with Hale over the evidence as he promises to bring her home soon. They need to protect each other now. In Act 3 you see that he is doing his best to fulfill his promise to free her from that jail and have all the charges acquitted. He goes to the court with Mary Warren and was trying to convince Dansforth that she was innocent when Mary Warren betrays Proctor to save herself from the wrath of Abigail. He even tells the secret that brings him the greatest pain, to save his wife. It is her that the reader is assured of Elizabeths love for Proctor when she lies for him to protect his name. She lied and just the moment before hed told Dansforth that his wife never lied. But she did for him unaware that Proctor himself confessed ad only putting then deeper into trouble. Yu are again reassured of Proctors great love for her when he tells the court of his disloyalty to his wife. This shows that he is adamant to save and free his wife. In Act 4 Elizabeth is asked to speak to Proctor in the hope that she will be able to persuade him to lie and save his life. Even the Reverend Hale is begging her to make him confess and he sworn to truth in his bond with the Lord. When she says that she will try to see what he can do they are left to themselves. This is the first time that they have seen each other in three months and greet each other in a great display of love and sorrow for each other. Their love is one that is everlasting. He asks her what to do, he is willing to go with her choice, even if it were that she wanted for him to be honest and die. He would have done it just because she had asked for him to. She tells him instead to choose for himself because she feels that it is not her place to judge him. She tells him that she will love him regardless of his decision. Their love is restored even though they have not been able to see each other they both understand that they both share some blame even if it the most remote amount of blame, for Elizabeth.

Borrow Pits In Construction Of Road Networks Engineering Essay

Borrow Pits In Construction Of Road Networks Engineering Essay Over the last two decade there has been an unprecedented boom in the Irish construction industry in road infrastructure. It has become a common sight on Irish roads to see countless Lorries carrying materials to these sites ranging from crushed rock, sand, gravel and tarmac. At present these materials are formed from primary aggregates. The use of these primary materials reduces the natural resources of existing quarries. An alternative to this, is the use of borrow pits which will help in the supply of materials requirements both in general fill and aggregates which may help to avoid the use of reserves from established quarries which will help increase the lifespan of these quarries. As with the supply of material, borrow pits could also be used for recycling purposes also because most jobs would have inert materials that would have to be discarded of site to landfill. The term borrow pit is generally utilized by the Contractor when a project requires a larger amount of fill material versus amount of usable material obtained from cut sections. Borrow pits are typically located next to the construction site, and in the ideal situation are soon backfilled with waste materials, such as soft clay, that often have to be removed from the construction area hence the material excavated is borrowed. Normally, large quantities of material, mainly bulk fill, are required over a short time. The author first became involved in the construction of road infrastructure during the construction of the N18 N19 Ballycasey to Dromland Dual Carriageway in early 2000 where there was a lot of import material brought into to the job from nearby quarries and materials that had to go to landfill. From the authors initial research and work experience on various road jobs it was apparent that the use of borrow pits to provide an alternative source of material would be a worthy dissertation topic and that the knowledge gained would be invaluable for future use. Hypothesis The key question that this dissertation will address is Could the use of Borrow pits in the construction of the road network be a benefit Aim To determine if Borrow pits can provide the necessary quality material required for the construction of roads and also provide alternative options for the disposal of inert waste produced on sites other than to landfill. Outline of chapters This dissertation is structured into and comprises of six chapters, which are briefly described as follows. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the dissertation. Its shows the particular reasons why this topic was chosen. This chapter also outlines the aim, objectives and hypothesis of the dissertation. In chapter 2, the methodologies used to research the topic are discussed. It provides a review of both the primary and the secondary sources utilized for gathering information and the limitations encountered in carrying out the research are also discussed. In chapter 3 outlines the work that is required to ascertain if borrow pits are up to providing the material necessary for the construction of roads. It also looks at site investigation and soil testing. Chapter 2 Research Methodology Introduction This chapter outlines the methods of research which were adopted in relation to the fieldwork research for this dissertation. It explains in detail the various methods of data collection that were used, indicating the methods of primary and secondary data collection methods and any limitations encountered during the research are highlighted. Research Process The proposal for my dissertation began to materialise when looking back on my previous working experiences in the construction industry. One of the main areas of the authors work was involved in road construction. During the initial research the author investigated on the availability of information for his topic and when satisfied, proceeded to expand on this proposal. There was a medium volume of primary and secondary data available for this topic and also from the authors work experience there was a readily available source of primary data. Sources of Information Primary Sources Naoum (2007, p20) states that Primary literature is the most accurate source of information as it publishes original research The author sourced valuable primary information from Conferences, Reports, Government Publications, (for example NRA) and information from his work experiences. Secondary Naoum (2007, p20) states that Secondary literature sources are those that cite from primary sources such as textbooks and newspaper articles The subject of recycling and waste management in the construction is very topical at the present and the author was able to gather a substantial amount of information through secondary sources. The internet played a vital part in the collection of information. Through this median the majority of information was researched. As well as the internet other sources of secondary information was gathered from Publications/Reports Trade Journal and magazines Textbooks The text books on the subject where sourced through the LIT and GMIT libraries . Literature Review Once the literature search was completed a literature review was carried out to choose which material was most relevant to the dissertation. All this literature was placed in a literature file. Much of the material which was web based was stored on a computer file and was not printed out. Research Limitations The author found that he was unfortunately limited as there were not a lot of books published on certain past of the chosen topic. This meant a lot more time was spent searching the internet for information required for the various chapters. Borrow Pit Selection Introduction There a number of factor in the selection of a potential borrow pits Pantouvakis et al said the overall objective in selecting a borrow pit is to determine the most economical and technically efficient location with the minimal impact. the next activity is to establish which are the best sites to develop. The main influences that have to be evaluated include: Technical Considerations Economic Considerations Social and Environmental Considerations A summary of all the main factors to be taken into account is presented in Figure 4.1. This Figure illustrates the large number of potential influences and their interrelationship. The decision to develop one material source rather than an alternative will often require engineering judgement in order to adequately balance the technical, economic, social and environmental considerations. This Section provides guidelines for carrying out an evaluation of technical considerations and presents an introduction to economic influences. Detailed consideration of economic influences associated with developing a material supply strategy for sections of road are reviewed in Section 9. The detailed review of potential social and environmental impacts associated with material resource development is also presented separately, in Section 11. Borrow Pit Site Investigation Introduction Site investigations are primarily carried out in order to establish reliable estimates of the quantities, quality and processing needs of potential road building materials. Quigley For road projects, a principal aim of the site investigation is to classify the suitability of the soils in accordance with Table 6 / 1 from Series 600 of the NRA Specification for Road Works (SRW), March 2000 see appendix A The design of the site investigation must consider the following factors: How much material is required? The investigation should concentrate on identifying sufficient workable material to supply expected requirements. The method of site investigation will probably be influenced by the availability of suitable resources (plant and test equipment). The hardness of the deposits may dictate the method of investigation. The depth and nature of overburden deposits may influence choice of investigation methods (this can be seen later on in the chapter). Borrow pit ground investigations should be carried out at regular intervals across the site. It is recommended that the depth of overburden, and the characteristics and thickness of the workable deposit is investigated on the basis of a 30 m to 50 m square grid. This distance should only be widened if the site is very large and the materials very similar at each test location. Unexpected changes in the ground profile should be examined locally by making additional intermediate investigation sites in the grid. A site plan of each borrow pit to be investigated should be prepared, showing: The main features of the site. The means of access and the pit location with respect to haul road placement for extraction. The location of each site been investigated and investigation borehole should be logged using modern GPS or similar devices. This information will be important when you go to work out the quantity of the resources in each potential site been looked at. This process will be looked at further on in this chapter. Desk top study A desk top study is one of the first steps undertaken when you look at a potential site because it can provide you information already available about a site. (Simons et al, 2002). Within the construction industry, desk studies are well know but are an under-used method of gathering and assessing existing information about a site. Desk studies generally include a visual inspection of the site and its surrounding area (usually called a walkover survey). The desk study examines and draws together existing information from a variety of sources to form an initial appraisal of possible ground conditions. A good starting point is to use OS maps. These allow the site to pin pointed and an accurate grid reference to be obtained. This permits much more accurate references on the geological maps used later, which can be got from the Geological Survey of Ireland, which show existing geological records for the area and also historical maps could be a help. The walk-over survey of a site can give valuable insight into potential ground condition problems (for example slope instability or shallow groundwater) and contamination issues (revealed for example by vegetation dieback). On site visit, local resident can often provide information on groundwater and sources of raw material in the area. The combination of the desk study and the walk-over survey is an extremely cost effective first stage in an investigation. It provides early warning of pote ntial problems and a sound basis for the scope of subsequent, more detail investigation which may follow. The desk study and walk-over survey can also provide early recognition of site issues such as ecology and archaeology which may have implications on site selection. Traditional Ground investigation methods There are number of different types of ground investigation methods available on the market and we will look at some of the most common method used. Trial Pits. Boreholes investigation, Light Percussion Boreholes. Rotary Drill holes. Geophysical Seismic Refraction Method. Electrical Resistivity Method Trial Pits Trial pits are predominantly carried out using mechanical excavators which will give information of the ground while the digging is taking place. Throughout the process photos are taken of the ground conditions and samples of material Quigley (typically 30kg for engineering performance tests) are also taken are specified ground depths. Depending on the excavators reach this will determine depth or if bedrock is reached, Cat 320D digging depth is up to 6.690m (Caterpillar 320D brochures). All field work is carried out in accordance with BS5930.1999. Figure Picture of Trial Pit operation. (Source www.prioritygeotchnical.ie) Figure Pictures of samples taken (Sourced www.prioritygeotchnical.ie) (Quigley) points out that A suitably experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist should supervise the trial pitting works and recovery of samples. It is important that all trial pits are backfilled after testing is completed. See appendix 2 for example of Trial Pit log. Borehole Investigation Light Percussion Boreholes (Shell and Auger) Light percussion boreholes or otherwise known as Shell and Auger boring can be used in all types of soils and is mainly used for depths exceeding that of an excavator. The rig consists of an engine powered winch and tripod frame that is easily collapsed for towing behind a four wheel drive vehicle. The boreholes are usually 150 to 200 mm in diameter and steel casing is typically required throughout most of the hole. Boreholes of 20 to 30m depth are commonly bored in suitable soils, however in mixed soil, depths can vary samples should be taken at ( Quigley) 1.00m intervals or change of strata. See figure 3 for example of rig in working position. Figure Light percussion boreholes rig (Sourced www.southerntesting.co.uk) Boring is achieved by repeatedly dropping an auger, consisting of a steel tube, to the bottom of the borehole. In sands and gravels a valve is fitted to the lower end of the tube to trap the material entering it, this is a shell or sand auger. Any large stones or small boulders encountered can be broken up with a heavy chiselling tool. Large disturbed samples may be obtained, but below the water table the washing action of the shell may remove some of the fine material from sand and gravel deposits. Attachments to the rig allow the use of light rotary drilling equipment that will enable limited investigation of the characteristics of any bedrock encountered. See figure 4. Figure Attachments for light rotary drilling (Sourced Clayton et al,, 1996) Rotary Drill Boreholes Rotary drill rigs come in a variety of sizes from small skid mounted machines to large truck mounted machines. See Figure 5. They use a rotary action combined with downward force to grind away the material in which the hole is made. The primary use of rotary drilling techniques is to investigate rock quality by taking core samples. However, rotary drilling rigs can be used for non core drilling. A destructive tricone (rock roller) drill bit is generally used to advance a non-coring hole. Only the rate of advance and characteristics of the cuttings flushed to the surface by the drilling water give any indication of the strata penetrated. This can be supplement by small disturbed samples recovered from a driven sampler (i.e. SPT sampler). Non core drilling is therefore of limited use, but might be employed through the overburden covering a rippable rock or quarry stone. Figure Rotary drill rig in operation (Sourced www.prioritygeotchnical.ie) Rotary coring involves the use of a water lubricated diamond or tungsten tipped hollow core bit attached to a core sample recovery barrel and a series of hollow drill rods. See figure 6. In weak or fractured rocks better quality core are recovered from larger diameter bits. Some ground investigation drillers have developed a technique for recovering disturbed soil samples by dry drilling with a single tube core barrel, but This practice is not widely used and is less successful in coarse deposits with little plastic clay binder. Example of rotary log see appendix 3. Further information on site investigation drilling and the description of drill cores is contained in BS 5930 Code of Practice for Site Investigations (1999). Figure Layout of a small Rotary core unit. (Sourced Clayton et al,, 1996) Geophysical Exploration This method of investigation is not commonly used as it is not suitable for all ground conditions and there are limitations to the information obtained. The main use of this form of exploration is it can give bedrock and water table levels and it can also detect sub-surface cavities. The two main methods are. Seismic Refraction This method involves the generation of an artificial shock waves in the rock or soil and then records the finding in a series of detecting station which are place across the area been investigated. The detecting stations are known as geophones. This method is often used to detect buried channels and identify bedrock levels. See figure Figure Seismic Refraction Method (Source www.geophysics.co.uk) Electrical Resistivity Method This method involves the driving of four equally spaced electrodes into the ground in a straight line. When this process is done and a current is passed through the outer electrodes and the difference in volts with the inner electrodes is measured. See Figure 8 Figure Electrical Resistivity Method (Source www.discoveryprogramme.ie) Soils Testing The purpose of the soil testing of material from the borrow pits is to Determine the engineering properties of the material. To establish if the material is the same quality throughout. To provide document records of the pit for the clients. In order to fully assess the engineering properties of a borrow pit material it is necessary to have samples tested in a Materials Laboratory. The purpose of testing material is to see if the comply with the specifications of there indented use. The laboratory will use standard testing procedures to classify the samples taken. In Ireland the parameters set out in Table 6 / 1 of the NRA SRW include a combination of the following. Typical tests undertaken are for soils and aggregates Moisture content 10% fines Particle size grading Plastic Limit and Liquid Limit CBR MCV Triaxial Shear Strength Test (Laois County Council 2007) Moisture content Moisture content is the amount of water to amount of dry soil. The method is based on removing soil moisture by oven-drying a soil sample until the weight remains constant. The moisture content (%) is calculated from the sample weight before and after drying tests carried out to B.S.1377: Part 2: 1990 for soils and BS 812: Part 109:1990 for aggregates Figure Soils Oven (Sourced Testing equipment Supply) 10% Fines This test is not too dissimilar from the test to determine the aggregate crushing value which determines the ability of an aggregate to resist crushing. But instead of using a standard force of 400kn. the force at which 10% of fines are produced is noted as the Ten Percent Fines Value. This usually requires a number of tests and a graph to establish the exact figure. This test tends to be used for softer aggregate where a force of 400kn. would crush most or all of the aggregate. This test is carried out BS 812 Part 111: 1990 for aggregates Partially Grading Tests The particle size distribution grading of a road surfacing material is an essential guide to the suitability of the material since the engineering properties are very dependant on grading. See Figure 7. Testing is carried out to B.S.1377: Part 2: 1990 for soils and BS 812: Part 103.1:1985 for aggregates. Figure Sieve Test (Sourced Soil Compaction Handbook) Plastic Limit Testing and Liquid Limit Testing The Plastic Limit (PL) is an indication of the percentage moisture content at which the soil fines change from a semi solid to a plastic state. In this test a 20 gram sample of material passing the O.425 mm sieve is mixed with a little water until it becomes plastic enough to be formed into a ball. The soil is then moulded between the fingers until the surface begins to crack. It is then repeatedly rolled on a glass plate into 3mm diameter threads until longitudinal cracking causes the tread to start to break up. This moisture content is the plastic limit. Test are carried out to BS 1377: Part 2:1990, CL5 Figure Plastic limit test and equipment (Sourced http://ral.train.army.mil) and (Sourced www.humbolgtmfg.com) The Liquid Limit (LL) is an indication of the percentage moisture content at which soil changes from a firm plastic state to a soft liquid state. Two methods are available for determining the liquid limit: the traditional method using the Casagrande apparatus and the more recently developed cone penetrometer method. Test are carried out to BS 1377: Part 2:1990, CL4.3 4.4 Figure Casagrande equipment Figure Cone Penetrometer (Sources www.humbolgtmfg.com) (Sources www.sbe.napier.ac.uk) The difference between the Liquid Limit and the Plastic Limit is called the Plasticity Index (PI). This index provides a good guide to the cohesive properties of a road building aggregate. A high PI may indicate the presence of an undesirable amount or type of clay. CBR test It is in essence a simple penetration test developed to evaluate the strength of road subgrades. How strong is the ground upon which we are going to build the road. (Summers 2010) Tests are carried out either unsoaked or soaked. Unpaved road materials would normally be tested according to the 4 day soaked test procedure. An estimated CBR value may be derived from the results of grading and plasticity tests. Tests are carried out to B.S.1377:4:1990 Section 7 Figure CBR test apparatus (Sourced Testing equipment Supply) MCV Test This test involves compaction of soil or fine aggregates using a hand held device. The compactive effort can be compared to that needed at the optimum moisture content. This enables a comparison with the actual moisture content of the soil. Test carried out to BS 1377: Part 4:1990 see Figure 13 for test apparatus. Figure MCV apparatus (Sourced www.ele.com) Triaxial Shear Strength Test The triaxial shear strength test subjects a soil specimen to three compressive stresses at right angle to each other with stress being increased until the sample fails in shear. This test is carried out to predict how the material will behave in a larger-scale engineering application. An example would be to predict the stability of the soil on a slope, whether the slope will collapse or whether the soil will support the shear stresses of the slope and remain in place. Tests are carried out to BS 1377: Part 6:1990. See figure 14 for test apparatus. Figure Test apparatus for Triaxial Shear Strength Test (Sourced www.namicon.com) New Changes to Site Investigation and Testing At present all Geotechnical investigation and testing is carried out to B.S. but come 31st March 2010 all test will be carried out using the new Eurocode 7 this will be for all publicly funded project. This does not apply to the private sector but there are likely to follow suit. Example of changes. TC 341: Geotechnical investigation and testing 14688 Identification and classification of soil 3 Parts 14689 Identification and classification of rock 2 Parts 17892 Laboratory testing of soil 12 Parts 22282 Geohydraulic testing 6 Parts 22475 Sampling methods and groundwater measurements 3 Parts 22476 Field testing 13 Parts (Sourced New Irish Geotechnical Standards and Selection of Characteristic Parameter Values 2009) Resources Estimation Introduction In this chapter the author will look at how quantities of materials that can be potentially in a borrow pit and how they may be calculated. One of the main primary objective of a borrow pit investigation and testing is to establish the extent of the different classes of materials and there suitability to the given project. With all the information in the next objective is to calculate the quantity of material that is in the potential borrow pit to see if its a viable option to proceed with. The potential quantity of material that can be extracted from a borrow pit should always be calculated in cubic metres (m3). A cubic metre should be seen as a box of material with a length (l) of 1 metre a height (h) of 1 metre and a depth (d) of 1metre. Before and estimates can be taken off a detail topography survey of the potential borrow pits will have to be taken see figure 21 for typical contour survey. However, with all information from the investigation of the site it can be hard to estimate an exact amount so it is better to estimate on the conservative than on the generous. This may come about if the information between the trial pits may vary from data collected as seen early a grids of 30 to 50 meters should be used and for larger areas if could be up to 100 meters grids There are different method of calculation the quantity of material that in the given site depending on the borrow pit make up but the most simple way is to break the area up into simple shapes such as rectangular prisms or triangular prisms. The volume of material in these shapes is estimated by first calculating a representative area in square meters (m2), and then multiplying this area by its depth or a length (in metres). It may need to be an average depth or length if the pit is irregular in shape or the deposit has a variable thickness. Formula for calculating the areas for different type of pit can be work out using the standard mathematically formula to get the quantities for the site. See figures 17,18,19,20 Trapezoid Figure Formula for a Trapezoid shape Volume = Base X Height Figure Formula for Prisms Volume = Length X Width X Height Figure Formula for a Rectangular Volume = 1/3 pr2x height Figure Formula for a cone shape (Sourced Area and surface Formulas) Another method of course if available to you is different types of computer packages that can do the work for you like AutoCAD 3D civil packages. Figure Typical Contour Survey (Sourced Volume Calculations) Material Wastage, Shrinkage and Bulking Material Wastage Wastage can occur if site investigation reports of material dont add up to what in the ground and material been use for work it was not envisaged to do, like having to create bund not accounted for some. Material Bulking Material bulking will also to be taken into account when hauling materials of the bulking-up factor. When materials are excavated they are loosened and sometimes broken down, this result in an increase in volume per unit weight known as bulking. The bulking factor of a material is the bulk density in the pit face (bank) divided by the loose bulk density. A bulking factor of 1.25 indicates that 100 m3 of bank material will become 125 m3 of loose material in the stockpile. Material Shrinking Compacted material, material that has been excavated from it natural state and placed some place else for compaction. With compaction the volume reduces. The same can apply to shrinkage when material is been compacted what was originally 1m3 in a compacted state with shrinking factor is 0.85m3. Table 1 Typical Material Density, Bulking and Shrinkage Factors. (Source Earthworks) The Resources Estimation has a dual purpose with given you the quantities of resources out but also on the other hand the amount of material which if can be disposal back into to fill the pits from surplus or unsuitable material that cannot be use on site. Legalisation Introduction This chapter discusses of both Planning legislation and Waste legislation in the terms of Construction and Demolishing Waste in the construction sector. The planning legislation we will be looking in relation to opening up of a borrow pit for bulk material (soil) and the production of aggregates. In CD waste legislation for the disposal of inert material. In the area of waste management there has been a number of direct and indirect (both national and EU) legislative influences on how operations should be carried out with the regards to CD waste in road construction The Planning and Development Act 2000 and associated Regulations 2001 The Planning and Development Act 2000 is the main act for planning permission in Ireland and this process is overseen by the different Local Authorities in the country. Regulations 2001 is the statutory legislation that applies to new and existing extractive developments and ancillary facilities in Ireland. Quarries (including sand and gravel pits) operating before the existence of planning legislation in Ireland that was implemented in 1964 did not have to obtain planning permission and were essentially unregulated. Despite this, much self-regulation took place such as imposition of emissions (noise, blasting, and dust) limits and the implementation of Environmental Management systems accredited to IS0 14001. However, under Section 261 of the Planning and Development Act 2000, a new system of once-off registration for all quarries was introduced. Only those quarries for which planning permission was granted in the five years before section 261 (i.e. after April 1999) became operative are excluded. Section 261 has also resulted in some extractive sites being required to submit an Environmental impact statement and to go through the formal planning process. This review process has resulted in up-to-date environmental and biodiversity management conditions being enforceable on all authorised sites; this process is largely complete at this time. CD Waste legislation As spoken earlier on CD waste legislation in Ireland is influenced by European waste policy and legislation. The EU waste management is based on the waste hierarchy which gives preference to waste prevention, then to waste recovery (including reuse, recycle and energy recovery). And finally to waste disposal (to landfill) See figure 22 for hierarchy Figure Waste hierarchy (Source Fas CIF Handbook on Construction Demolishing and Waste) European Legislation The majority of European waste management directives are based on the Symonds report 1999 which evaluated the recycling of CD Waste in each of the member state and prepared 55 recommendation. The following is a list of the most important recommendations of the report Fly tipping subject to sanctions Land filling of CD waste should be discouraged by member states. CD Waste derived aggregates should not be discrimination in the market place, primary aggregates and CD Waste derived aggregates should be both be considered as raw materials The client should demand that Environmental Impact Analysis be undertaken for each project which could form part of Environmental Management Plan. Governments to draw up National Waste Management plans for CC waste. The main based EU based legislation that influences CD waste management on a national level are Framework Directive on waste 75/442/EEC plus amendments Framework Directive on Hazardous Waste,1991 91/689/EEC

Negative Impact of Technology on Everyday Life

Lexie Orr Research Paper Period 5 11 March 2013 Two Paragraphs Technology has officially taken over the world as it’s known. The urge to learn more as one ages has been swallowed by the urge to own the â€Å"Next Big Thing† as current gadgets outdate. As a result of this new technological era, the importance of education is being burnt out by the importance of technological advancement. Teachers have been outdated due to the constant reliance of technology to spur out whatever information needed.Also, dependence on high technology has rid of the need for everyday in-the-home skills, things like cooking, dishwashing, and even cleaning. In addition, technology can have a great negative impact on family life. Although technology has widened opportunities for America's everyday life, American intelligence has greatly declined due to the amount of work high technology minimizes that no longer requires us to use our abilities to think, memorize, learn, or even work. The techn ology era is damaging the average Americans brain. â€Å"Why do we need to learn this, all I have to do is Google it! How many times is this repeated daily in classrooms all over the world? Who can be sure, possibly more times than one can count on their own unless maybe of course there’s a calculator handy. The position of teachers everywhere around the world is becoming more useless every single day. Children no longer feel the need to tune in during class time knowing they have access to all the answers they could possibly need at the click of a button at any time. With online mathematical equation generators, book answers, and scientific calculators, the need for a math teacher is quickly diminishing.Computers now have spell and grammar check in which fix any word spelt or used incorrectly, and any wrongly written sentences, leaving grammar teachers with nothing to teach. Also, book and poem analysis and any old language translations can be found on the web with just one search making it hard for literature teachers to enforce their students to read, analyze, and think. One thing widely gone unnoticed is the measure of importance for teachers to pass on interpersonal and basic everyday off-technology skills in which technology can not impart.Nathaniel Wilkinson gives his say about technology depriving children of these everyday skills in saying, â€Å"Now I like the idea of having the computer to reinforce the knowledge already possessed by my students but using it in place of human interaction will only dull the students sense of respect for authority and interaction between live human beings and themselves† (Wilkinson). Children and teenagers have become so concerned in technology that they block out everything else teachers have to offer, missing out on these learnt traits of human interaction and verbal learning skills.

Civil War Reconstruction

America between 1865 and 1876 was very broken and disunited due to the obvious Civil War. There was much effort put in my various powers to put together America again and attain the unity preferably desired by the central governing body. Both the Congress and the Citizenry participated to remedy the discretely disunited states. President Johnson, who took office right after Lincoln against the radical republicans to piece together America, is a perfect example of Congressional effort put into the problem. As for the citizenry putting in effort, the Freedmen’s Bureau and sharecropping both showed a different paradigm of the problem on a level in which the average citizens could assist in unifying America again. Through examples we will soon see exactly how the two entities combined forces of the government and the people to fight for a common goal. After the conclusion of the Civil War with the defeat of the Confederate states, an organization by the name of Freedman’s Bureau was composed to give abandoned or confiscated land to freed African Americans to live on. This land was given to them in the form of grants that were approximately 40 acres, give or take, to live on for three years. After these 3 years, they would be able to purchase the land at a very low price. This organization helped put America together again because it shows the co-op method in which the Congress set up an establishment to give freedom to the black and then the people were readily agreeing to it, not rebelling. This also changed the Citizenry’s view of slaves in a certain way. As the Dread Scott case mentioned that slaved were not people they were property, well, now they were able to purchase land. This meant that since property can not own property and only another person can own property, that people must soon see slaves as reasonably people and not property. Although not revolutionary since segregation was very common amongst both North and South states, there was still a new perspective offered to people to accept slaves as people themselves. This would soon help bring the South and North closer as they would begin to begin in soon the same ideology towards people of different colors and cultures. Another factor important in tying together America was sharecropping, which however was not as good. Sharecropping meant that a squad or family could work independently for a fixed share of crop, around ?. The positive side to this was the fact that there was no expenditure in advance of harvest. The tenant had to share the risks of crop failure or a fall in cotton prices. Blacks believed this to be helpful to them, and since it was the Citizenry who decided upon doing this, we can see that the not only the government, but all the way down to the individual person we can see that citizens would put forth effort to cooperate with the new system of social life considering slavery was no longer an option. Although in the 1870s it became a servitude type instance in which croppers lived on credit until the cotton was sold. This was en route back to a modified adaptation of slavery in this time period. However until then, it was a vital key to show the vast effort put into the bringing together of America. The president also played a vital role in the bringing together of America. President Johnson wanted to reprieve the formerly Confederate states. He believed in organizing a new government and electing new representatives for states. This was contrary to the bringing together of America. Thus his opponent, the Radical Republicans came into action. Their plan was to fully represent the southern states’ government and also used military force to do so. They also passed the Civil Rights Acts to give slaves full rights. They wanted to grant suffrage to freedmen. This political party of republicans showed that the president was overpowered and thus could not disagree otherwise as the republicans fully gained the support of the people in their cause. Because of their success in this, they were able to put together America by the use of military force, which almost always does the job as we can see the Civil War settling any social issues about slavery. The fact that people began to not only include slaves as people, but to give them rights as well was a leap for American men, especially in the South. This was all part of the effort for unity. So as we can see from the efforts of the Radical Republicans and the Freedmen’s Bureau, there is much cooperation between the Citizenry and the Congress in the unity of America pose-Civil War.

Warhol and Litchenstein- compa essays

Warhol and Litchenstein- compa essays From a young age, both Warhol and Lichtenstein demonstrated surpassing talent in art. Andy Warhol, real name Andrew Warhola, was born in 1928 in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, to Czechoslovakian parents. Before he could walk, Warhol was coloring in coloring books. His mother noticed his exceptional skill for staying within the lines and for encouragement, rewarded her son with a candy bar each time he completed a page. During his grade school years Warhol, a chronic sufferer of Saint Vitus Dance, was frequently sick. He would lay in bed for days on end making paper dolls and copying the Maybelline ads of Hedy Lamarr. After highschool Warhol studied commercial art at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsberg. Warhol graduated in 1949 and went to New York where he worked for the magazines Harpers Bazarr and Vogue as an illustrator. At the same time he was working in commercial advertising and in his free time drew pictures of flowers, cats, angles, ect., to charm potential clients i nto giving him a job. He soon became one of New Yorks most sought after and successful illustrators. Though Warhol was extremely focused on his commercial career, he still found time to pursue his passion for fine art and in 1952 he had his first gallery show in New York City. Litchenstein was born in 1923 in New York City. His father was a relator and his mother a housewife. His parents were very busy people and because both his parents lacked an artistic streak, Lichtenstein grew up under no specific artistic influence. At the age of fourteen he attended a painting class, on weekends, at Parsons School of Desighn. Litchenstein attended Franklin High School in his adolesent years. The school had no art program, but he drew and painted at home and in the summers enrolled in art classes at the Art Students League. After high school Litche ...

To what extent is the rule contained in the Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd Essays

To what extent is the rule contained in the Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd Essays To what extent is the rule contained in the Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd Paper To what extent is the rule contained in the Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd Paper Essay Topic: Law The company as a separate legal personality from that of its members as defined by the Companies Act 1862 was established in common law by the House of Lords in 1879 when they delivered their judgement in the case of Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd. Indeed, this case is now seminal, with both practitioners and students of the law referring to it as the foundation upon which modern company law is based. However, although the outcome of Salomon v Salomon Co. Ltd is now firmly embedded that is not to say it has not been prone to the effects of the occasional tremor. Since this ruling and some might argue prior to this ruling by the House of Lords questions relating to the interpretation of the act and its scope have been hotly debated. While some see this ruling as clearly interpreting the 1862 act at common law others contend that such an interpretation is too rigid and clearly open to abuse. It would be argued that a separate legal personality in conjunction with limited liability offered the nineteenth century entrepreneur the protection they desperately needed if their business ventures were to grow and expand beyond their personal resources. Others would contend that this ruling was to the detriment of the companys creditors, allowing the unscrupulous individual or individuals to set up a limited company at little expense and little or no risk to themselves. Indeed, some detractors of the outcome of the Salomon v. Salomon Co Ltd ruling have referred to such companies as a sham, a screen and a mere fraud. These, and a plethora of similar terms illustrates perfectly, as Murray A. Pickering states, the degree of uncertainty on the part of the courts on some occasions when dealing with the separate existence of the company (1). The uncertainty created by the House of Lords ruling between helping the entrepreneur and protecting the creditors of the business has seen that the principles of the company as a separate legal entity with limited liability not go unchallenged. Since 1879 companies have become more complex in their design and their operation and with out any radical changes in statute to incorporate these, it has been left largely to the courts to respond to these developments. The question of abuse by one or more individuals of the privileged status of the incorporated company has frequently come before the courts since the House of Lords ruling. For instance the potential of a party or parties to operate behind a limited company and perpetrate a fraud upon the companys creditors has been recognised and in recent decades the rise, and in some instances the dominance, of the group of companies (conglomerates and multinationals) has seen the courts set down a number of exceptions to the general principle of incorporation with its inherent benefits as laid down by the Companies Act 1862 as interpreted by the Salomon case. While Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd might form the foundations of modern company law, over the years those foundations have been made more pliable with the courts recognising a number of instances whereby the veil of incorporation can be lifted so as to allow the courts to determine the true nature of the organisation. Before one considers the potential for abuse of the rule as contained with in the Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd case it would be prudent to begin by examining why the law in relation to the company needed to be changed. The background surrounding the eventual House of Lords judgement will then be reviewed before consideration is given to the actual judgement itself. From this vantage point it will then be possible to consider in some detail the potential for abuse together with practical illustrations of how the courts and statute have sought reduce the potential for abuse. Prior to the 1840s there were two routes available to someone seeking to create a company. The first required the company to be incorporated by Royal Charter which in effect gave the company monopolistic power with in its sphere of influence (as defined by the charter). Indeed, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries this was the vehicle that allowed the British Empire to prosper. The other route was for a company to be incorporated by Parliament. However, this route was both time-consuming and expensive and could only be justified in the case of very large undertakings such as the development of the railway. By the middle of the eighteenth century Britain was facing growing competition from its traditional European rivals (in particular France and Germany) and from the rapidly developing and industrialised United States of America. Indeed while the vast majority of Britains economic wealth rested in the hands of family run enterprises America was witnessing the creation of the conglomerate in the hands of such people as Andrew Carnegie (1835 1919) and J. P. Morgan (1837 1913). While Britain had the skills and abilities to compete, the inability for an individual or a group of individuals to raise capital to create comparable enterprises was strangling economic development. It was common practice to insert provisions within the charter of a trading corporation which allowed leviations on its members to pay the corporations debts, a factor which stifled entrepreneurial risk taking. Boyle and Bird in their book Company Law credit the legislation of the 1840s and the 1850s as being responsible for the creation of the registered company that we can recognise today and while those commentating on the Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd case make reference in particular to the 1862 Companies Act one could argue, persuasively, that it was the Joint Stock Companies Acts of 1856, the that provides the bedrock upon which the modern company was formed. This act consolidated and reformed previous legislation. It introduced the memorandum and articles of association while abolishing deeds of settlement and of equal importance it removed previous safeguards for limited liability. These changes in the law were in response to a particular economic reality, the need to finance growth. In conjunction with the skills of the entrepreneur and technological developments these changes helped to stimulate the economy by making it possible to raise capital for a business venture without facing the consequences of unlimited liability should the venture fail. Some thirty years later Mr Salomon, a manufacturer of boots and shoes and trading under the name A Salomon Co. sought to turn his business into a limited company. He adhered to all that was required of him under the Companies Act 1862. However, the judge suggested that the company had a right of indemnity against Mr Salomon, declaring the shareholders of the company were nominees of Mr Salomon. The counter-claim was amended accordingly. Vaughan Williams J. declared that the plaintiffs of A. Salomon Co, Limited or the liquidator were entitled to be indemnified by the defendant A. Salomon. It is interesting to note that his Lordship was attempting to lift the corporate veil, something that a number of courts have done against the backdrop of the House of Lords ruling on Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd in 1879. He stated that this business was Mr Salomons business and no one elses; that he chose to employ as agent a limited company; that he is bound to indemnify that agent, the company; and that his agent, the company, has a lien on the assets which overrides his claim(2) He went on to say In this case it is clear that the relationship of principal and agent existed between Mr Salomon and the company. 3) His Lordship had recognised and attempted to address what was to become one of the major exceptions (the company as an agent of an individual) to the Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd ruling, one which would allow future courts to legitimately lift the corporate veil. Mr Salomon appealed; but the appeal was dismissed thought the grounds for dismissal differed from those expressed by the lower court. Lindley L. J. ntimated that Mr Salomon had acted fraudulently when he said It is manifest that the other members of the company have practically no interest in it, and their names have merely been used by Mr Aron Salomon to enable him to form a company, and to use its name in order to screen himself from liability(4) His suggestion that a fraud had been perpetrated by A. Salomon was clarified when he said There are many small companies which will be quite unaffected by this decision. But there may possibly be some which, like this, are mere devices to enable a man to carry on trade with limited liability, to incur debts in the name of a registered company, and to sweep off the companys assets by means of debentures which he has caused to be issued to himself in order to defeat the claims of those who have been incautious enough to trade with the company without perceiving the trap which he has laid for them(5) While the case went to the House of Lords it is interesting to note that once again the court sought to lift the veil of incorporation in its attempt to discover a fraud which after 1879 would be considered another legitimate reason for lifting the corporate veil. The House of Lords ruling on Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd set the standard against which future cases would be judged. Lord Halsbury L. C. made it clear that it was not the courts role to interpret the Companies Act 1862, The sole guide must be the statute itself(6) He later went on to describe Vaughan Williams J. argument as a singular contradiction, Either the limited company was a legal entity or it was not. If it was, the business belonged to it and not to Mr Salomon. If it was not, there was no person and no thing to be an agent at all; and it is impossible to say at the same time that there is a company and there is not(7) Lord MacNaghten in addressing Vaughan Williams J. ssertion that the signatories to the memorandum of association were mere nominees of Mr Salomon said the Act requires that a memorandum of association should be signed by seven persons, who are each to take one share at least. If those conditions are complied with, what can it matter whether the signatories are relations or strangers(8) Addressing the issue of limited liability and Vaughan Williams J. comments he said If the view of the learned judge were sound, it would follow that no common law partnership could register as a company limited by shares without remaining subject to unlimited liability(9) He dismissed the Court of Appeals suggestion that Mr Salomon had acted fraudulently and went on to say It has beco me the fashion to call companies of this class one man companies. That is a taking nickname, but it does not help much in the way of argument. If it is intended to convey the meaning that a company which is under the absolute control of one person is not a company legally incorporated, although the requirements of the Act of 1862 may have been complied with, it is inaccurate and misleading(10) It was held that the appeal be allowed, and the counter-claim of the company dismissed with costs (both in this hearing and below). Both Vaughan Williams J and the court of Appeal saw it as the duty of the court to look behind the incorporation of the company. Each, for different reasons, felt that Mr Salomon was manipulating the machinery of the Companies Act, 1862 for a purpose for which it was never intended. 11) However, the House of Lords judgment firmly pulled down the veil of incorporation around the company and its members. It is telling, when Lord MacNaghten referring to Vaughan Williams J. comments on the case stated Leave out the words contrary to the true intent and meaning of the Companies Act, 1862(12) It is clear that Lord MacNaghten and his colleagues held that their role was merely to apply and not to interpret the Companies Act, 1862 and that any such interpretation by the courts was out with their jurisdiction. Nevertheless, later courts have found it necessary to lift the veil of incorporation and over the years there has been a number of exceptions to the principle laid down by the Salomon case that the corporation is a separate legal entity. Gonzalo Villalta Puig contends that the verdict reached by the House of Lords in the case of Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd created a double-edged sword. While the verdict helped to drive capitalism by established the company as a separate legal entity with limited liability and allowed it (the company) to enter into contracts in its own name it also helped promoted the evasion of legal obligations by allowing these benefits to be harnessed by small private enterprises. Goulding agrees with Puig but goes further by suggesting that individuals are encouraged to seek limited liability by becoming a limited company even when such a step is not necessary in their particular circumstances. These, and other criticisms have their basis in fact. In the years since the Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd ruling in 1879 there have been a number of instances where the strict interpretation of the law has been questioned in the courts and the courts have seen fit to look behind the corporate veil. Farrar, in his book Company Law outlines several categories under which the courts have sought to pierce the corporate veil, though he is quick to point out the courts have not done this in a systematic way. Rather than defining what is meant by the term incorporation and what it does and does not encapsulate the courts have examined this area on a case-by-case basis. As such, they have maintained the integrity of the Salomon ruling while providing a degree of flexibility but only on a case-by-case basis. It is therefore up to the individual/s who feel they might have a justifiable grievance to take that grievance to the courts and there present a persuasive argument for the corporate veil to be lifted in order that their grievance can be remedied. This in itself can prove very costly and time consuming. Believing one has a justifiable grievance might not be enough for a party to pursue their claim in court as the costs and time constraints might prove prohibitive. While this is not highlighted, by Farrar, it can nevertheless be considered a potential form of abuse.

Advertisment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertisment - Essay Example One of its most famous commercial, with a slogan â€Å"Spray more, get more†, which, by the way, has more than 50 million views on Youtube, mat be regarded as the epitome of the utilization of the ‘sex sells’ concept and stereotyping of women. Axe is a brand that produces such hygiene products for men as body spray, body wash, and deodorant. The entire campaign of this brand is comprised of the commercials that have one common theme in all of them. More specifically, in all the commercials of the advertising campaign of the brand, the main character is a man who is chased by a great number of attractive women. The overall idea of the entire campaign is that once a man uses one of the Axe products, he will become desirable for all women he meets. Using such a template for the ads, the advertisers draw a distinctive dividing line between genders and present women as objects in order to target the consumer group. In other words, they tend to create particular stereotypes about genders and use the ‘sex sells’ concept to promote their products. Accordingly to the current studies, the sexual objectification (so-called fetishisation) of female body has become a tendency in modern advertising. Researches show that compared to man, women are portrayed in a sexual manner more often (Brodolini, Giomi, Sansoneti, and Tota 19). The advertisement chosen for the analysis follows the same common scheme of all the ads of the brand. In the very beginning, a young attractive woman feels a particular kind of smell, which is the smell of Axe body spray. She likes it, starts running towards the source of the smell and sees many other girls running through the wild forest in search of the source of the smell. Each of the girls tries to reach the source first. In their pursuit, they overcome a wide range of obstacles: they swim across the sea, climb to the top of the hill and then climb down and finally come to the sea coast. There appears a young man

Atypical Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Atypical Development - Essay Example Grandin claims that her science teacher in the special education centre motivated her a lot thus helping her develop her area of strength. One of the many important things mentioned by Grandin is that there are myriad misconceptions related to autism. People think that a child suffering from autism is unable of doing any good to his/her life, which is a pure misapprehension. Grandin proved this belief to be groundless by achieving big feats in her life by writing valuable books related to autism. Any developmental psychologist or parent can benefit a lot from Grandin’s interview for building up the abilities of a child with autism. Grandin claims that autism does not mar the capabilities of an individual rather the visual thinking skills of a child with autism can be used for designing. Artistic minds tend to be less social and there should be a teacher working with the children with autism to teach them social interaction in an order to keep their minds connected to the outer world. The parents can build on their child’s thinking and social abilities by restraining from letting him/her watch television all day long. Rather, they should try teaching him/her basic concepts of language and ways to interact with people. Reference: www.npr.org. (2006). A Conversation with Temple Grandin.