Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet

Advantages and Disadvantages of the lucreThe cyberspace has revolutionised the human life as it has entered in ein truth home, business, school, and Government office throughout the world today. globalization owes much to the Internet for it has reduces the distances beca go for of its swift communication system. It is evident from the history of scientific inventions that the Internet is incomparable to some otherwise inventions of science as most of other inventions atomic number 18 interlinked with it. Particularly, the field of education has been widely influenced by the Internet as it has created convenience and swiftness in this field, especially in the field of research. Everyone, unheeding of ones age, is being benefited by the Internet. There argon definitely some advantages and disadvantages of the Internet for research take aims. In this essay I will discuss and go badWhat is the internet?History and Development of the InternetAdvantages of the InternetDisadvan tages of the Internet closureWHAT IS THE profit?It erect be defined asThe system of a global internetwork, a huge collection of information processing systems and networks inter machine-accessible with each other so they fuck exchange information is called the internet- also known as the Net1.A group of computers that is connected together by wires for the purpose of communication ar called a computer network .These computer networks both range rom as small as two computers connected together in a place or as sorry as thousands of computers of various types connected to one a nonher either by echo marchess or via satellite. A big network can be constructed by structure lots of little networks and connecting these networks to each other that outcome in an internet work that is actually called the internet.2HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET-The Internet was invented by some intellectuals in the advance(prenominal) 1960s. They considered it very satisfying to allow computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. Licklider suggested a global network of computers in 1962 for the start time and passed it to the Defence advanced Research Projects Agency in ripe 1962 for its go on development. First Leonard Kleinrock established the theory of packet switching on which the Internet connections was to be based. Then Lawrence Roberts connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. It resulted in the feasibility of wide area networking, but it also demonstrated that the telephone lines circuit switching was inadequate. Roberts actually contributed in the field of Internet in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. These intellectuals and many much anonymous people are the real founders of the Internet. The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was introduced online in 1969. The Internet grow in the 70s asarchitecture first proposed by Bob Kahn and further developed by Kahn and Vint Cerf at Stanford and others throughout the 70s. It was globally recognised by 1983.3The Internet was originally limited to research, education, and government uses. It was non allowed to be use commercially unless it was used for the research and education. This policy was enforced till early 90s which led to an independent commercial network.4ADVANTAGES-EASY ACCESS FOR EVERY iodin-It is noticeable here that everyone without any discrimination of age, sex creed and social origin can access the Internet. It is the most openly available root word of research in the world as it has also reached the continent of Ant natural rubbera, a in general penguin populated area and even an uninhabited island of the Canadian arctic has access to it.5A SOURCE OF TIME SAVING-The most epoch-making thing about the Internet is that one can use it with more convenience and ease without the limitations of time as compared to the library be vex one has to pass a long an d time consuming distance to access a library. Students usually have access to a huge on-line library through wireless system whether they are working from home, in the office, or from a hotel room.COST EFFEVTIVE-The Internet is more cost effective stem of research as opposed to the other available sources. The on line library has facilitated the students to reduce their traveling expenses as well. In addition, recent changes in the use of the Internet played a vital role to offer up us with much smaller, cheaper and lighter computers like note books Apple iPhone that enables us to use them without limits as access is available anytime, anywhere, around the globe. Furthermore, it is not thorny to use the Internet as far as physical disabilities are concerned as it can be equally benefited by everyone.enquiry IN A SPECIFIC LANGUAGE-The Internet made it mathematical even to research in ones own specific language. Google consists of a subsystem i.e. the linguistic communication i n any casels that have a potential to translate pages from some other languages. Therefore, it does not matter whether a person knows the original language of the stuff or not.6A SOURCE OF CONFIDENCE-A successful completion of research on line builds up the self-knowledge and self-confidence and encourages the students for the further research as well as responsibility.DISADVANTAGES-UNPRODUCTIVE MATERIAL-A good consecrate and some skills are required to use the Internet for research for thousands of blade pages appear to be similar to ones required pages but in universe most of them are unproductive for research purposes. Margaret Levine Young claimed that searching efficiently is an art.7People are too confused with the loaded information on the Internet to use it for the research. Sometimes 404 Not Found appear as contrary to the promised pages which leads to frustration.DISORGANISED MATERIAL-If the results are productive they are too dispersed to be used for the research as t hey are mostly disorganized as compared the libraries where books are arranged in an alphabetical piece to facilitate the researchers. Moreover, the material provided on the internet is not comprehensive or else superficial one.CREDIBILITY OF THE MATERIAL-Mostly the sources used for research are not reliable for instance Wikipedia is not authoritative as it does not bear the bibliography for a specific article because the articles some time are written and edited by as many as 300,000 contributors. Moreover, these articles are not updated regularly, therefore, the material got from such a sources might be over-the-hill one.FINANCIAL BURDEN-The use of the Internet can add in ones financial obligations to some extent as one is needed an valuable computer or a lap top for that task. On the other hand, people have to pay for the internet bills as well as for some web sites to read stuff on line.SPRAIN ON EYES AND NECK-Excessive use of computer or use of computer without a re injure can be harmful for human eyeball and neck and sometime results in sprain in eyes and neck.THE THREAT OF VIRUS-A computer attached to an Internet can pick up viruses and is more vulnerable to viruses than to a computer which is not attached to the Internet. These viruses look around ones address book and uses it to spread copies of itself to ones friends, much disguised in very seducing messages such as Hey, enjoyed the other night. .Ultimately, viruses can corrupt the existing files in a computer and sometime cause damage to the whole hard disk. It is very interesting here that these viruses are spread by some businessmen today to flourish their business. closure-After analyzing and discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet it can be said that the Internet has work a part and parcel of human life owing to the pros and cons of the Internet as one cannot help but to use it to commence and drop off ones research. Particularly convenient accessibility to the Intern et has made research very easy to complete with a short period of time as compared the long periods of times as was in the past. Not to speak of building an individuals self-confidence the Internet has been being used to do research in ones mother language that can be translated by the Internet from face to chines, polish, German etc.It can be concluded that in spite of disadvantages of the Internet its advantages carry more importance for the purpose of research.

Automatic Water Level Controller (AWLC)

Automatic Water direct Controller (AWLC)Automatic Water Level Controller (AWLC) will automatically START the pump set as soon as the urine take aim falls below the predetermine level (usually kept half or 2/3rd armored combat vehicle) and shall transpose OFF the pump set as soon as tank is full or water level in the lower tank is at below minimum level.AWLC provides you the flexibility to decide for yourself the water levels for trading operations of pump set in upper/lower tanks.Built in Indications for showing Full, Empty Levels in Upper armored combat vehicle and Lower Tank Empty Indication.MANUAL operation switch for special(a) operations bid watering the plants from pump set.The AWLC ensure no overflows or modify trail of pump there by saves electricity and water.Low AC potential drop sensing circuit to keep off polarization of electrodes in water (requires rattling rare cleaning of electrode ends). Provided with special stainless steel conductive electrodes. in gest very little energy, ideal for continuous operation.Water Level sensorThis water level sensor is conducive for legatos that have a conduction of equal to or more than 25m Siemens. It is your best choice for a water level switch. The system is economical to install as no special cable is required for signal transmission. The level poke into and the evaluation building block can be connected using a long cable. The AC is provided on the probe for preventing electrode deterioration. You can choose from among a variety of level control and installation systems such asTwo identify sensors for case-by-case switching and automatic control of pump.Four point switching with dickens pump control logic.Three point switching two for pump control logic and one independent point with or without a settable delay (for probe covered or uncovered).A variety of probes is operational for your specific process.ApplicationsThe SLW series water level switches work to maintain a constant water level avoiding material wastage in your process plant. common land applications also include switching pumps on and off to avoid overflow, dry running and indicating water level in an empty tank to avoid wear and tear and production stoppage. Many of our customers in the Food, Power, Chemicals, Sugar, Detergent, Steel, Minerals and Textile perseverance have apply the SLW series water level indicator /sensor. article of faithA low AC voltage is applied betwixt the probe electrode and the tank wall (or reference electrode in case of insulated tank). When the water/liquid comes in contact with the electrode tip, a conductive path is established between the sense electrode and the tank wall/reference electrode. This current is sensed, amplified and made to belong a relay whose contacts in turn can be used for annunciation/control.Technical DataEvaluation UnitHousing aluminium, Weather-proof beautify painted suitable for back panel/wall mounting.Cable Entries 3 Nos. of BSPMains 1 10 or 230 Volts AC (-15 to + 10%) 50 Hz.Relay outturn 50Hz for non-inductive load.Power Consumption 5 VA .Fail-Safe Mode High or Low field selectable.Response Time 0.5 secsSwitching Delay 0.5 to 20 secondsMaximum Sensitivity 25m SiemensOperating mode (A) Single point switching.Indication Red LED for Alarm, Green LED for Normal.Operating Temp. -20 C to + 60 C.Weight 2 Kg.

Ryanairs Strategic Management Practices

Ryanairs strategical Management PracticesIntroductionThe aim of this assignment is to explore Ryanairs strategic caution practices through the guess of meaning competencies stimulateed by Prahalad and Hamel (1990). Ryanair operates in the broken monetary honour immune carriers (LCC) industry and experienced success since the launch of its trading operations. Ryanairs successful strategic management position is reflected in the optimisation of its internal processes offering hold dear to guests whilst eliminating waste. By ontogeny a set of snapper competencies, Ryanair has been sufficient to develop a strong commercialise position while transporting millions of clients every year.The stolon part of the move provides a brief overview of the participation and the industry in which it operates. This branch outlines the key competing forces and suggests for the bon tons cost leaders sexual climax towards its dodging. The second branch outlines the core competence theory developed by Prahalad and Hamel (1990). This parting soon summarises the theory and its assumptions. The third section discusses the application of the strategic theory to Ryanair. This section argues that Ryanairs core competencies fright not only the efficient utilisation of its substantial resources (e.g. aircraft, contract on destinations with airports), only if in like manner intangible resources (e.g. market sh atomic number 18, reputation, customer loyalty).Brief overview of RyanairRyanair gained its reputation as a moo cost carrier (LCC) throughout atomic number 63 by following the SouthWest commerce assume (strategic guardianship, 2006) (see Appendix 1 for a comparison amongst the two stumpers). This model included the delivery of a no- frill aid whilst offering a point-to-point service and short haul routes to secondary and regional airports. By competing on cost, Ryanair was able to offer cheap tatters to a range of atomic number 63an destinations w ith the expiration of changing how customers perceived their traveling experience. Ryanair was able to offer competitive prices by reducing operational cost through the utilisation of its aircrafts. In particular, by avoiding a hub-and-spoke service, creating short haul journeys, scrapping the traditional system of ticket harvest-homeion and seat reservation and in-flight meals, the social club was able to increase the cast of journeys whilst reducing be. Moreover, the use of secondary and regional airports offer less use costs, fewer terminal delays, and greater airport access. gibe to Datamonitor (2010) as of June, 2009, the society offers over 1,200 scheduled short-haul flights per daytime serving 145 locations throughout europium and Morocco, with an operating fleet of 196 aircrafts. The company operates through approximately 845 routes (p.6). The scale of the companys operations indicates its positive reception by consumers sampleing to constrain travelling costs whilst change magnitude the frequency of trips to European destinations.Current campaigns in the petty(a) approach Carrier (LCC) Market3.1 A dissimilar approach to airplane loony toonsMalighetti, et al (2010) argue that the growth behind the LCC market is underpinned by the consumers increasing interest in using airplanes not as a voluptuary mode of transportation but as an opportunity for travelling to virginborn destinations at a minimum cost. agree to Huttinger (2006) many countries perceived the airlines as a state institution and their reason for existence as a fulfilment of public postulate (p.229). The like idea is besides evince by Pitt and Brown (2001) who argue that the development of a differentiated system allowed the LCC loadeds to create a bracing niche. Dobruszkes (2009) argues that enterprises towards deregulating the industry by the EU allowed airline libertines to introduce changes in their way of operation. Lack of regulation meant fewer rest rictions as to how the airlines needed to design and perform their operations (e.g. ticketing system, destinations, etc) (Dobruszkes, 2009) fit to strategical style (2007a, 2007b, 2007c) the emerging opportunities developing from deregulation were followed by the SouthWest business model in the USA. This model was not only copied but withal extended by companies like Ryanair and Easy outflow in Europe (Barrett, 2004). As body-build 1 illustrates, a steady increase in the number of passengers carried between LCC firms fecal matter be noted. For example, whereas Virgin Atlantic achieved 28.9% growth, in contrast, Ryanair achieved 171.9% for the number of passengers carried. The difference in slew is evidence of the consumers growth and changing travel needs.Figure 1 Scheduled passengers carried, 2002-0620022003200420052006% changemmmmm2002-06easyJet11.420.324.329.633.7+195.6Ryanair14.921.326.633.740.5+171.8Flybe2.63.25.5+111.5bmibaby0.72.83.33.64.1+583.3Monarchnana22.63.2naVirg in Atlantic3.83.84.34.54.9+28.9BMI7.59.410.510.510.5+40BA (est)403836.135.735.6-11 man-made lake Company data/CAA UK airline statistics/MintelA key trend in the LCC market has not only been the consumers attention on cost but as well as opportunity for travelling to new destinations within Europe (Malighetti, et. al. 2010). As Pitfield (2008) argues, following the recent economic credit crunch the new business model favoured the LCC. Cost became a differentiating factor in the way consumers made their purchasing choices on travel (Pitfield, 2008). Moreover, from Figure 2 it sewer be noted that the competition between the LCC mud fierce. Ryanair and Easy Jet are the largest competitors in Europe sharing the greatest volume of passengers travelling. According to Gillen and Lall (2004) such growth is attributed to a) the number of destinations already served by the airliners, b) the reputation on cost and c) the development of a outline that allows them to lend oneself resources wh ilst minimising waste. Efficiency remains a key attribute to the development of competitive advantage in this market. This is because excessive costs contribute to the firms cost structure. This means that for a LCC firm to remain competitive such company needs to sustain its levels of ability whilst improving the value chain with which the service is delivered.Figure 2 Passengers carried in 2006Source Mintel/Company data (2007)3.2 Ryanairs cost leadership systemAccording to Porter (1980, 1985) there are three types of strategies companies apprise adopt in an industry. These are a) cost leadership, b) differentiation strategy, and c) focus strategy. A cost leadership remains effective depending on the volume of customers served. Such strategy focuses on achieving economies of scale by maximising its profit margins through the maximized over volume of sales. In contrast, a differentiation strategy is based on the specific attributes of a service and/or harvest-festival that com petitors are not able to offer (Porter, 1987). The distinctive features that are unique to such service/product differentiate the companys competitive power (Porter, 1996). A focus strategy concerns a firms concentration on a particular segment in the market (e.g. consumers, product, health-related products) with the result of creating new barriers of entry for other competitors to enter (Porter, 1987). Such barriers are created because of the tacit intimacy (e.g. methods of production) that is needed in order to develop the product and/or service.Ryanair is adopting a cost leadership approach to strategy. As Figure 4 shows, when comparing the companys prices against competitors and for the same destinations the cost difference remains considerable. Mintel (2007) notes that the company aims to turn flights around within 25 minutes and routes are systematically the shortest of all the Low Cost Carriers (LCCs).Wood (2004) and Boru (2006) argue that even though this cost leadership strategy has proven effective, withal, it has been difficult for Ryanair to maintain it without influencing the prime(a) of service offered to customers. In particular, Boru (2006) argues that Ryanairs hard approach on cost has resulted in a hostile behaviour towards customers. Ryanairs couldnt-care-less approach to customer care also applies to refunds and baggage. Not only are refunds never paid out, even if a passengers travel plans are disrupted by the death of a grandparent, but the bereaved customer is told to for having the temerity to ask (Boru, 2006, p.50). Datamonitor also reports various lawsuits, claims, and levelheaded proceedings, arising in the ordinary course of its business. Some of these legal proceedings and claims judge damages, fines, or penalties in substantial amounts or remediation of environmental pollution (p.7). The discount of this argument is that even though consumers continue to fly with Ryanair, they nevertheless remain weary of its behaviour t o their changing travelling needs.Figure 4 Comparative fare levels (same booking date and approximate departure multiplicationSource OHiggins in Johnson G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R. (2008, p.839)Mintel (2007) argues that in order for Ryanair to increase its revenues, it tends to engage in making incremental increases on costs that remain hidden to consumers. For example, consumers are being charged to pay for advance boarding to seat reservations, sports equipment to s sessty baggage and others. OHiggins (2008) mentions for example that a disabled man won a landmark case against Ryanair after it charged him 18 for a wheelchair he needed at Stansted Airport to get from the check-in desk to the aircraft. The passenger was awarded 1,336 in compensation from Ryanair, as the UK based Disability Commission said it may launch a class action against the airline on behalf of 35 other passengers (p.834).Such hidden costs generated a negative soma for the companys low cost reputation. Don ne (2004) and Groom (2004) argue that customers dislike extra charges and seek to withdraw their loyalty for carriers that are not committed to their quality of service on the flat coats of reducing costs.Figure 5 Customer complaintsSource in Johnson G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R. (2008, p.842)The implication of this argument is that Ryanairs successful strategy remains dependant on(p) to the changing trends in the environment. As Figure 3 illustrates, the process of strategy formulation and evolution goes through a cycle where application needs to conform to the changing conditions of the environment. This means that Ryanair needs to develop a different approach to its cost leadership strategy by introducing modifications to its model. This can be done by placing greater importance on the customers perceptions of satisfaction or else than just promoting the selling of low cost tickets.Figure 3 Aspects of dodging formulation and evolutionSource Chaharbaghi and Willis (19981022)C ore Competencies TheoryAccording to Johnson et al (2008) Chaharbaghi and Willis (1998) the study of strategic management is concerned with take ining how an organisation can realise its merged goals through the manipulation of its tangible and intangible resources. According to Ansof (1984) strategic management can be defined as a systematic approach to a major and increasingly important tariff of general management to position and relate the firm to its environment in a way which will assure its continued success and have it secure from surprises. (p. xv) According to Raduan, et al. (2009) strategic management can be seen as a combination of strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation (p.406)According to Mintzberg et al (1998) there are two principle indoctrinates of thought that influenced the discourse on strategic management over time. These are characterised as the a) design school and the b) emergent school. The design school argues for the importance of careful p lanning. Lidtka (2000) for example argues that the orchestration of processes can lead to the achievement over the intended strategic unified outcomes. The emergent school was influenced by the work of Mintzberg (1979, 1983) and argues for the managements inability to manage scruple in the course of realising its corporate goals. Mintzberg (1983) argues that the role of strategic management is to typeset a firms intentions according to the shifting conditions of the environment. Such conditions cannot be known a priori but only realised at the time of their development (Mintzberg, et al (1998). Cunah and Cunah (2006) also support this idea by arguing that firms developed their strategic positions by an emergent process resulting from managers and employees improvisations in response to the realities of the market (p.839).In the discourse between the two schools, Prahalad and Hamel (1990) developed the theory of core competencies. This theory argues for a firms ability to develop specific competencies which are intertwined with the employees tacit familiarity and expertise. Core competencies remain context-specific and are not easily transferable because of the specificity of the employees association and skills that help maintain it.According to Grler (2007) core competencies represent a firms capabilities created by the complex interaction of its resources combined with implicit or explicit cognition about the effective combination of these resources (p.252). According to Prahalad and Hamel (1994) the implication of this argument is that the progressive might of a firm remains closely located in its awareness of the employees skills and their continuing development. Hence, the process of fostering core competencies comprises the development of qualities which concern the advancement of products/services which are intertwined with a set of skills which are people-specific (Hamel, 1996). As Figure 4 illustrates, performance remains an outcome of the int eraction between capabilities and resources. Such a process is participating and not static, which means that the firm is in a continuing process of identifying and streng whenceceing its core competencies over time (Goold, 1996).Figure 4 Relationship between resources, capabilities and performance execution of instrumentCapabilitiesResourcesSource Adapted from Grler (2007, p.253)Having outlined the theory of core competencies the following section will discuss its application on Ryanair.Assessing Ryanairs strategy through its core competencies5.1 Waste minimisation and modifyment makingAccording to Lawton (1999) and Done (2004) Ryanairs core competencies are identified in its ability to discover and remove operations that do not add value to customers. Prices can be decreased when un needful processes are eradicated and/or improved. Pietfeld (2008) argues how the increase in efficiency is an natural action that needs to move beyond the process of careful planning. Gillen and La ll (2004) argue that Ryanair has instilled an improvement-making strategy that resides in its corporate culture. This means, that employees can take real-time initiatives which are then evaluated and implemented by the management on the organisation as a whole (Leavy, 2003).Lawton (1999) argues that the management of the organisation remains unable to detect deficiencies as employees are the ones who have immediate contact with customers. Hence, the process of introducing quality improvements requires the necessary organisational structure to allow initiative-taking by employees whilst these are also supported by the management layer.According to OSullivan and Gunningle (2009) the literature on initiative-taking by employees remains put down to criticism. This is because employees can indicate neighborhoods of improvement but such suggestions may not be readily applicable. However, a core competency developed by Ryanair is the development of an organisational structure where the c orporate culture allows them to take initiatives which are then institutionalised. The management is responsible for the development of the necessary regulations, policies and procedures that can accommodate initiatives (Barrett, 2004). The implication of this activity is that the firm is able to swiftly respond to the customers changing needs with little delay. This core competency remains difficult to copy by competitors because it resides within their existing work ethic and cultural values of employees that has mature over time.A criticism that is expressed against Ryanair, and in contrast to its effort to increase levels of efficiency, concerns the absence of unions that may exercise resistance to the managements growing demands. By increasing the array of responsibilities, employees are required to achieve performance targets, OSullivan and Gunningale (2009) argue that Ryanair has created excessive demands on employees that are not accounted for in their salary.5.2 Utilisatio n of ResourcesA second core competence concerns Ryanairs ability to maximise the volume of customers travelling whilst increasing the number of routes offered. Barrett (2004) argues that the shorter turnaround times permit more journeys per day per plane which, coupled with the higher seat density of Ryanair planes, generate overthrow seat mile costs (p.92). Delays result to high maintenance costs in servicing aircrafts (Barrett, 2004). Such costs, in turn, can result in reducing the number of destinations offered in the first place. Gillen and Lall (2004) argue that a rapid turn improves utilization of all factors of production such as aircraft, gates, ground equipment and labour (p.44). Ryanairs core competency concerns its capacity to maximise the utilisation of its aircrafts whilst also maximising the number of routes offered. However, such utilisation requires the management of the employees contribution for well-educated how resources need to be managed. The exercise of know ledge and training remain task-specific. Employees understand how their contribution, at one segment in the business, can have a wider contribution on the companys performance as a whole. Ryanair demonstrates synergy in managing array of operations that include a) the management of its network routes, b) the punctuality with which aircrafts turnaround, and c) the employees capability to manage an increase in volume of passengers. Such understanding is infix onto the employees. As Prahalad and Hamel (1990) argue, a competency remains difficult to replicate by competitors because it is context-specific, and subject to the tacit knowledge and skills produced in the first place. Ryanairs ability to utilise its resources whilst maintaining a cost leadership strategy results from the combination between the employees knowledge and the utilisation of its resources. Figure 5 illustrates the companys efforts to increase levels of efficiency between 2002 and 2003.A complementary dimension to the utilisation of resources is the creation of new destinations. Datamonitor (2010) argues that in January 2010, the company introduced 25 new routes to/from Alicante, Barcelona Reus, Barcelona Girona, Bratislava, Bristol, Cork, East Midlands, London Stansted, Milan Bergamo, and Pescara. In the following month, the company announced opening three new routes from Edinburgh to Faro, Marrakech, and Paris. It also launched six new routes to the Greek holiday destinations of Kos, Rhodes and Volos (p.6). The creation of new routes is subject to the companys core competencies for sustaining its cost-leadership strategy whilst expanding the destinations offered. This means that by attracting a larger volume of passengers travelling, Ryanair achieves economies of scales that help maximise its profit margins. By achieving a high seat-filling-capacity Ryanair can sustain its hackneyed maintenance costs whilst improving on revenues. Moreover, such strategy can create barriers of entry to com petitors (Dobruszkes, 2009). By gaining entry to the new network routes, other airline companies (e.g. Easy Jet, Air Lingus, etc) have greater difficulty in competing for the same destinations.Figure 5 Ryanair operating statistics between 2002 and 2003Source OHiggins in Johnson, et al. (2008, p.846).ConclusionThe aim of this essay has been to explore Ryannairs strategic management practices. By making use of the theory of core competencies as developed by Prahalad and Hamel (1990) this essay argued for the companys cost-leadership strategy that is sustained through its efforts to minimise waste and improve efficiency. Even though Ryanairs business model has proved successful, at the same time, there is growing criticism regarding the evidence indicating the company undermining the quality of its customer service. Even though consumers continue to use Ryanair for its efficient service and low cost prices the company is struggling to avoid the mounting criticism concerning the access of hidden costs and lack of adequate customer service (Wood, 2004, Boru, 2006). This essay argued that the companys core competencies concentrate on improving levels of efficiency at the operational level. There are two areas in which this occurs. The first is by developing an organisational culture where employees are encouraged to take initiatives in order to reduce operations that do not add value to customers (OHiggins, 2009). The second area concerns Ryanairs ability to maximise the utilisation of resources whilst expanding on the number of destinations offered (Dobruszkes, 2009). According to Prahalad and Hamel (1990) it can be argued that Ryanairs business model remains difficult to copy by competitors because the synergies created are subject to the employees knowledge and experience. Such knowledge remains contextual and task specific.Such core competence is difficult to transfer by scarcely migrating the methods and tools used. However, this essay also argued that percep tions of value need to be reconsidered by Ryanair. This is because value is not only subject to the low cost prices offered but also to the quality of customer service which includes the companys attitude towards responding to complaints and avoiding the misrepresentation of information as well as hidden costs.ReferencesAnsoff, H.I. (1984) Implanting strategical Management. Englewood Cliffs NJ prentice residency.Barrett, D. S. (2004) The sustainability of the Ryanair model, worldwide ledger of Transport Management Vol.2, pp. 89-98Boru, B. 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(1996) Learning, Planning, and Strategy redundant Time, California Management Review, Vol. 38, step forward. 4. pp.100-102.Groom, B. (2004) Leaders of the new Europe Business stars graph a course for the profits of the future, Financial Times, 20 April 2004Grler, A. (2007) A dynamic view on strategic resources and capabilities applied to an example from the manufacturing strategy literature, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 250-266Hamel G. (1996) Strategy as Revolution. Harvard Business Revi ew, Vol.74 Issue 4, pp. 69-82Huettinger, M. (2006) Air Baltic and SAS a case study in the European airline industry, Baltic Journal of Management, Vol.1, No.2, pp.227-244Johnson G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy. London apprentice HallLawton, C. T. 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Lampel, J. (1998) Strategy Safari. New York, NY The barren PressOHiggins, E. (2009) Ryanair in Johnson G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy. London Prentice Hall, pp.833-852OSullivan, M and Gunnigle, P. (2009) Bearing all the Hallmarks of Oppression. Union avoidance in Europes Largest low-priced Airline, Labour Studies Journal,Pitfield, E. D. (2008) Some insights into competition between low-cost airlines, Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 24, pp. 5-14Pitt, R. M. and Brown, W. A. (2001) Developing a strategic direction for airports to enable the provide of services to both network and low-fare carriers, Facilities, Vol.19, No.1/2, pp.52-60Porter, M. E. (1980) Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York Free PressPorter, M. E. (1985) Competitive advantage. New York The Free Press.Porter, M. E. (1987) From competitive advantage to corporate strategy. Harvard Business Review. 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Strategic Direction Vol.22, No.6, pp.18-21Strategic Direction (2007a) Industrious times at British Airways and Ryanair. Winning the battle for the skies, Strategic Direction, Vol.20, No.4, pp.4-6Strategic Direction (2007b) Employees come first at high-flying Soughtwest Airlines. Model contrasts with Ryanair approach to low-cost aviation. Human Resource Management International Digest, Vol.15, No.4, pp.5-7Strategic Direction (2007c) Flight or flight. Ryanair, Southwest Airlines and post-merger US Airways and America West, Strategic Direction, Vol.23, No.1, npp.12-15Wood, E. G. (2004) Who pays for wheelchairs?, shew of Economic Affairs, pp. 60-61Appendixes

Argumentative Essay on universities lecturing systems

Argumentative Essay on universities learn governing bodysRecently, the use of public lecture st computegy in universities is being brained for its efficiency. The dilemma is that should teach system in University be replaced with subtle material bodyes. Small material bodyes, as described by David Daniels in his article College Lectures Is Anybody Listening? emphasis on having lesser pupils in a family. This encourages to a greater extent interaction between lector and students, aiming to launch active learners and the en able-bodied lectures to be sure of the build up of their students. He also stated that students presently ar absentminded of listening skills meaning that lecturing system is no longer effective for them, showing the motivation of change to sharp classes system in educating students. Lecturing system on the other hand is a traditional focussing of educational activity used in 3rd studies. The outlet of students handled by a lecturer is much more than(prenominal) comp bed to minute class system. We should continue utilise lecturing system as it show more advantages than using small classes in the mother wit of being more appeal effective, building more independent students, decreasing absentees and by being f styleish in grading students.First, usually the make outs of students in universities argon massive which small class system ordain not be able to fit in all students. However, if lecturing system is replaced by small classes in universities, it would be very dear(p) seeing that more classes regard to be opened for lessons to be conducted. An excellent example is more manpower is needed to operate. According to the former president of United States, he states that an bonnie of 1.7 billion dollars is needed to train more lecturers to conduct small classes countrywide yearly (Viadero, 1998). Many universities be lacking of lecturers and using small classes go forth need the university to contract more lecturers to facilitate lectures. This means universities lead save up to fork out a lot of money to overcome the paucity of manpower. Electric bills impart shoot up too as teaching aid such as projectors and computers as well as air conditioning to keep the temperature in room favorable temperature will need large electric consumption. All these factors will contri providede in a larger operating cost. What do universities do to cover the cost? increase fees charged on students This will cause education to be costly and unaffordable for those families earning lower income. The consequence of this issue will be chances of financially inadequate students getting higher education to be slimmer. worse though, if the management chooses to hire non experienced part time lecturers to reduce the operating cost, small class will as well be meaningless. Lecturing system will save on this task as this system enables a lecturer to handle more students. This will also solve the problem for universities where spaces are very limited as a hall will be enough to fit in all students for one lecture. Thus, continue using lecturing system not only provide a more affordable education for students but enable the campus to generate more clams as operating cost is reduced and student intakes are change magnitude due to the expose organizing of space.Next, lecturing system will build more independent students. David Daniel claims that small classes enable lecturers complete the progress of their students and tending them improve. Yet, this concomitant causes students to rely on lecturers. What are they, the students without their lecturers? Will they be able to snuff it in the harsh life in work when they are gradatory their studies? This is especially an issue among Malaysian students. They tend to blame lecturers for low grades. However, is the problem with the student or education system itself? Malaysian students are introduced to at least 11 years of small clas ses system before exertion to pursue their higher education. If this issue occurs, this simply means on that point is a critical error in the system. Students are used to be spoon-fed with any(prenominal) they need to know and not by discovering with their own effort. Demolishing small class students used to have for their higher education will be painful for them but students must start to realize that they are in reality responsible for their own studies. The duty of lecturers is just to guide them in tertiary level education. Only then students whom are used to be spoon-fed will be forced to look for additional information from various sources for their subjects. educational activity a man to slant is better than natural endowment him a fish every day. Indirectly, it might shape more knowledgeable student as they will be exposed to irrelevant facts which seems to be not multipurpose in the progress of looking what they want. Who knows if the information is applicable some day? Hence, lecturing system will be able to shape more calibre students whom can independently improve themselves in their field of study.Furthermore, lecturing system is useful is decreasing absentees in class. David Daniels proposes that question and practice section in small classes can help to shape more active students. However, is this regularity applicable to all students? Intrinsic students who do not like to voice out will not feel comfortable being asked and pressured by questions from lecturers. However, these groups of students are being paid most attention by lecturers as they are too quiet and these lead more questions to be tell to them. The discomfort might cause them feel afraid to enter class. In lecturing system quiet students will instead get the sense of security because the large group of student does not allow lecturers to question students individually but as a group instead. The same blank space applies to weaker students. Lecturers tend to emphasis th eir questions on them in small classes. It is true that lecturers are trying to help them as what David Daniels says to improve their analytical skill, but students at this age are egocentric. How would they feel if they do not know how to answer a question in front of their classmates? They might feel hangdog for the rest of the period and their emotion will keep them away from concentrating. Worse still, they might fear being asked questions again. Involved students might be hard put out and try to escape from the threatening detail. Furthermore, students examine in universities are basically at their teenage age. This is the stage where they are most attracted by the opposite sex psychologically. In lecturing system, a larger promote provides more targets for them to prey on. Such situation might motivate them to visualize class more frequently as they might want to keep a technical image in front of someone they are attracted to. Besides, they might work hard in order to get good results to be proud of. Eventually, lecturing system not only diminution absentees rate but lead students to a higher achievement as well.Moving on, lecturers teaching in lecture system are fairer in grading coursework compared to lecturers from small classes. According to David Daniels, small classes allow professors to discover who knows what before final examinations. However, what is the purpose of doing so? Allowing the lecturers to set questions according to what their students know? This will not help the students but give them an illusion of the marks they get. They conceit they know a lot from the high grade they achieve but the fact is just the opposite. Since students result reflect on lecturers reputation, we cannot deny that there will be some irresponsible lecturers that would use this way to help students get better grades so they might be proud too. A win-win situation? In lecturing system, lecturers might not know the progress of their students but this e nable them to set exam questions based on what students should know and not what students already know. If students did badly in their examination, it serves them right for not studying hard enough. They will eventually learn from their mistake and do better next time. It will always be better than pampering the students by helping them through examinations. Another good example will be the rate of grade inflation. Based on the statistic provided by The New York Times, the rate of grade inflation in private colleges using small class system is 38 percent higher than public colleges using lecturing system. Corresponding to this, we can say that the good descent built between lecturers and students in small class system affect the judging susceptibility of lecturers to grade fairly. Human are by nature emotional. Philosophically, emotion overrides the tenability part of a human. Thus, very often lecturers gave marks higher than what the student bes especially for those who are clos er and have a better consanguinity with the lecturer. On the other hand, lecturing system can avoid this situation from happening. The large crowd a lecturer is handling will build a barrier between the student and lecturer. Saving on the relationship part, lecturer will be able to judge students coursework fairly. The larger number of coursework submitted also enable lecturers to compare the work and give marks accordingly. Therefore, those who in reality put in effort to do their assignment will deserve a better grade and be motivated to keep on with their hard work.Finally, lecturing system should not be replaced by small class system in universities as it obviously show more advantage by being more cost effective and beneficial to students. However, there are improvements that can be done for the system to be more effective. Universities should make sure hired lecturers are up to original requirements and are able to facilitate the lesson effectively. While for the problem o f student lacking listening skills and concentration as proposed by David Daniels, actions such as giving utterly breaks at certain time and projecting some short clips featuring jokes from subject of students interest can be taken. This can help to recoup students concentration. Based on the reasons proposed, lecturing system is still the better way to be used in universities compared to small class system.

About Pakistan International Airline Pia Management Essay

two(prenominal) Pakistan International air passage Pia Management Es labelWe willing suck in to selectd Pakistan International airline businesss for our report. And we argon supposed to write a report where our major argona of concern is employee dealing against a changing background and record of industrial conflict and the dissolver of incorporated controversys. Due to the prevailing rigid security conditions, we were ineffective to visit pia for collecting information. Therfore, information regarding pia is largely collected from internet.Executive summaryIn the beginning of our report, we assimilate a brief background regarding piaAbout Pakistan International Airline (pia)Pakistan International Airlines ordinarily better know as PIA fag end sketch its beginning to the old age when Pakistan had non yet achieved independence from theBritish Raj and is a public sector venture of Government of Pakistan. In 1946, the discontinue of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnahappre hended the rent for a flag carrier for the prospective plain and for this purpose the founder of the country requested financial champion from a wealthy capitalistMirza Ahmad Ispahani. PIA was first-class honours degree known as guide Airways, and was registered inCalcuttaon 23 October 1946. PIA bought 3DC-3airplanes in February 1947 from a corporation in Texas and achieved a license to fly in whitethorn of the same year. Later, the air duct started its operations in June, providing service fromKolkatatoSittweandYangon. This was the first office second-world-war airline flight by aSouth Asianregistered airline comp any(prenominal). Orient Airways (early name of PIA) began operations for the new country (Pakistan) when it came into macrocosm on 14 August, 1947. (PIA, 2012)PIA was once considered as Asias best airline.PIA is headquartered atJinnah International AirportinKarachiand PIA provides services to 24 domesticated destinations and 38 international destinations in 27 co untries across Asia, Europe and sum America. PIAs major bases ar at Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. Whereas, PIAs secondary bases entailPeshawar,Quetta, Faisalabad, Multan and Sialkot. Through secondary bases PIA connects the metropolitan cities with the main bases, theMiddle East,Europe, and theFar East. It is largely possess by theGovernment of Pakistanand is regulated by the Ministry Of Defense as an self-governing body. PIA employs 18,043 individuals as of May 2008. (PIA, 2012)Outcome 1stTasks for P1The one(a) and pluralist aspects of employee dealingsSince the 1980s, at that place has been a major standard change in managing employee traffic to ace stressed on more strategic and incorporated embodiment whole shebang that be ground on employee dedication and mutual workplace followings, as an re come of the traditional managerial control and conflicts amongst employers and employees. harmonise to Alan Fox managers harbour different frames of fibre and anyone h as a frame of range credit, which rotter be identified as a lens with the inspection and repair which one perceives role of exhaustivelys and services traffic. Number of some other authors withal argued that the managers frame of reference impacts how these horizons atomic number 18 understood and employ or non used.The ii well known kinds of ER surveys be unitary and pluralist. forrader beg offing the 2 main kinds of ER prospects, we would first like to explain what frame is.FramesAccording to Alan Fox, a frame is essentially a sociological point of view that whitethorn do in building of a frame of reference with the doer of which coming backs of industrial relations shag be observed hard-nosedly and placed more open to solutions. (Fox, 1966)Unitary perspectiveAccording to Michael Arm pissed, the unitary perspective is basically held by counsellings who perceive their delegate as that of directing and controlling the employees to accomplish economic and growth objectives. To this end, trouble thinks that it is the rule-making power. Management tends to observe the venture as a unitary constitution with single source of authority, itself, and single focus of loyalty, the scheme. It admires the good quality of teamwork, where everyone struggles together for a jet objective and everyone accepts their place and work willingly, following the aim of the selected manager. This unitary view, which is basically autocratic and dictatorial, has sometimes been stated in jibements as focal points right to manage. The philosophy of HRM with its focus on commitment and weather is based on the unitary perspective. (Armstrong, 2006)Characteristics of unitary perspectiveFirst, there is scarcely one source of power in organization, which is usually the circumspection.Second, the function of organisational leading is to encourage loyalty and commitment among employees.Third, organizations atomic number 18 observed as teams that argon o perative together for common or mutual goals and objectives, and there be too no conflicts of cheers betwixt managers and employees.Fourth, the precaution mustiness equate sound leadership to achieve organizational goals objectives.Fifth, swop joins atomic number 18 not sensed as substantive for the pleasant managing of conflicts. Sixth, conflicts in the organization are seen negatively and they are dysfunctional and results to disloyalty, thus harming the well- creation of the organization.Seventh, the state is autonomous and forms industrial relations establishments (IR).Advantages of unitary perspective avocation are some of the receiptss of unitary perspective of employee relations.A major advantage of the unitary perspective is that it openly wants to incorporate employer and employee interests, so that it crapper enhance employee commitment and loyalty.The unitary perspective overly focuses on the power of managers in achieving win-win parts for employees a nd organizations, wherein their interests can be in good set up associated with severally otherManagers are forced to go beyond their managerial styles of managing employee relations and focuses on their leadership abilities and if they can be persuasive and gravid leaders in the organization, there will be no strong demand for change over sums.The unitary perspective is fundamentally individual in its employee relations onward motion, which works best for individualist IR systems. Many IR systems all over the world have changed from the collectivist IR standards to individualist standards. Therefore the unitary perspective will be mainly expensive for this kind of IR perspective.Disadvantages of unitary perspective pursuance are some of the disadvantages of the unitary perspective of employee relations.The main disadvantage of unitary perspective is the leave out of understanding that there are power inequalities in the midst of employers and employees which will bring i n different kinds of conflicts. Managers often use greater power over their manpower in shaping work conditionsIn unitary perspective, conflict is handle too negatively, and not seen as a force that imitates inequalities and which can be used as opportunities to recover work harmony.In unitary perspective, it is equivocal how individual worker attitudes can be effectively integrated into the organizational objectives, because the unitary perspective is very normative and lacks explanation of how common interests can be key outd and distri upgradeed across organizations.Pluralist perspectiveAccording to Alan Fox, an industrial organization is a plural culture, including many connected unchanging separate interests and objectives which should be sustained in some kind of balance. In place where backup unity reflected in a solitary focus of authority and loyalty, management has to accept the existence of opponent sources of leadership. It has to face the fact that a craft ventu re has a triple personality it is at once an economic, a political and a accessible organization. In the first, it generates and distributes profits. In the second, it represents a system of government in which managers jointly exercise authority over the managed, but are also themselves involved in a complex expression of political relations. Its third personality is discovered in the plant community, which develops from on a lower floor out of face-to-face relations based on common interests, attitudes, beliefs and set amid diverse groups of employees. (Alan Fox, 2006)Whereas Cave (1994) describes pluralism as, an equilibrium of power surrounded by deuce controlled interests and a adequate degree of trust at bottom the relationship for all(prenominal) side to value the others lawful interests, and for both sides to renounce from pushing their interest separately to the point where it became impossible to keep the show on the road. (Cave, 2006)Characteristics of pluralist pe rspectiveFirst, pluralist possibility considers that the workplace is composed of different sets of beliefs, standards and attitudes. Second, there are diametral sources of leadership in organizations.Third, conflicts are expected because there are indwelling opposing interests and sometimes conflicts can even be useful, if recognized and controlled within institutional reactions.Fourth, the function of the management is to arbitrate between competing interests.Fifth, tidy sum kernels are lawful legislative body of employees, and they are sensed positively because they help employees focus on their end-making power. Sixth, the state encourages public interest. Seventh, employee relations constancy can be achieved by and through a chain of talkss between managers and employers through the incarnate plentying method.Advantages of pluralist perspectiveFollowing are some of the advantages of pluralist perspective of employee relations.Pluralist theory focuses on the effectiven ess of industrial relations things as it assists in decide conflicts. Pluralist perspective also considers other different decision-making practices much(prenominal) as chat and consultation with employees.In pluralist perspective conflict is not ignored, but are dealt effectively through stakeholder involvement. Conflict can then be used to recognize fundamental tensions, so that they can be recognized and right on rectified.The pluralist perspective does not ignore or disregard the part of dispense confederations in managing employee-employer conflicts rather it embraces a broader range of employee relations policies.Disadvantages of pluralist perspectiveFollowing are some of the disadvantages of pluralist perspective of employee relations.The major weakness of the pluralist perspective is the drift to settle on set of rules and procedures and ignore the methods that also contribute to the resolution of conflicts.The pluralist perspective is unable of recognizing that the state also represents business interests and not honourable public interests. The pluralist perspective may stress too much on worker interest, which can result to the inefficiencies of bodied bargaining practices.Frame of reference at Pakistan International Airlines (PIA)According to our findings and observations, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) uses unitary frame of reference and following are some of the justification for proving that PIA uses unitary frame of reference.The first and main characteristic of a unitary perspective is that the source of power in organization is with the management which is exactly the same in PIA. The power to make any major decisions is with the management of the PIA because PIA is regulated by Ministry of Defense as an autonomous body.The management bodies of PIA encourages loyalty and commitment among employees through number of different monetary and non-monetary approaches, this is another(prenominal) characteristic of a unitary perspect ive.Employees of the PIA struggle for one common goal which to attain profit by delivering the best possible services to their valued customers. This is also one of the characteristic of unitary perspective.Conflicts are perceived negatively because this negatively affects their business for example, the recent bastinados of the employees regarding hand increase disadvantageously affected PIAs business. One of the characteristics of the unitary perspective is that it ignores the involvement of take union and this what the PIAs management did several times in the recent time which lead them to face number of problems. These evidences clearly indicate that PIA uses unitary perspective of employee relations.Tasks for P2 immensity of heap unionBefore we discuss importance of switch over union it is important first to know what address union is. concern unionAccording to Michael Armstrong, the basic purpose of trade unions is to encourage and harbor the interests of their member s. They are there to equalize the balance of authority between employers and employees. The hindquarters of the employment relationship is the hack of employment. But this is not a contract between equals. Employers are more or slight always in a stronger position to rank the price of the contract than individual employees. administer unions give workers with a corporal voice to make their needs known to management and as a result bring real and best-loved conditions closer together. This pertains not precisely to terms of employment such as pay, working hours and holidays, but also to the way in which employees are set in such aspects of employment as the remedy of grievances, authority and redundancy. Trade unions also exist to let management know that there will be, from time to time, a substitute view on key matters change employees. More largely, unions may see their role as that of contributing with management on decision making on matters touching their members inte rests. (Armstrong, 2006)In abruptly trade unions have two specific functions, to cling to their members through collective bargaining, better terms and conditions, and to support and counsel to their members as individual employees. In additional trade union roles involves, that of providing statutory, financial and other services to their members.Importance of trade unionEmployees are not the only ones who enjoy the benefits of fall in the trade union but its the employer or the organization that enjoys and takes advantage of the benefits of trade union as well. Employees can use trade union as tool through which their voices can be reached to the employer or management. Whereas, trade union greatly help employer or management as it saves their huge criterion of time not only in solving their issues but also when they hankeringes to implement any new rule they do not need to inform each and every employees rather they inform only the trade union leader who then informs all th eir members.The importance of the trade union can observe by the following advantages of trade union.RepresentationAs mentioned anterior, trade union represent employees when they an issue at work. For example, if an employee considers he/she is universe unjustly treated, he/she can ask the union representative to assist sort out the problem with the employer. In short, union is there to represent employees.NegotiationTrade union representatives negotiate the problems that affect employees working in an organization. There may be a dissimilarity of opinion between management and union members. Trade unions negotiate with the employers to discover remedy to these problems. Trade union usually negotiates for the problems such as pay, working hours and changes to working practices. In many organizations usually there is a formal agreement between the union and the management which declares that the union has the right to negotiate with the employer.Voice in decisions affecting employ eesThe economic protection of workforce is determined not only by the level of wages and duration of their employment, but also by the managements personal rules which incorporate selection of workforce for layoffs, promotion and transfer. These policies basically straight off affect workforce. In order to ensure these policies are developed fairly, the involvement of unions in such decision making is a way through which employees can have their voice in the decision making to protect their interests.Member servicesNow a day trade unions are providing number of different services to their members in order to ensure their rights are not ignored and to make their members effectives. These services involves education training, legal assistance, public assistance benefits and financial discounts etc.On the basis of the above benefit of trade union to the organization, we can conclude that Trade union can greatly help PIA to resolve different issues. For example, recently PIAs employe es were on dispatch because they wanted to increase their pay levels, if the management of the PIA had good relations with the trade union they qualification not had approach this problem. Therefore, considering the importance of trade union PIA must value their trade union other they will face different other serious problems in the closelipped future.Tasks for P3Role of trade union in employee relationsTrade union plays an important role in forming peoples working lives in almost every part of the world today, though their power in this respect has lessen in current times. The percentage of employees who are members of unions fell in the first decade of the twenty-first century, though this decrease was modest, and far less impressive than the decrease of the previous two decades. The experience of firms and industries to greater market pressures, a growing movement in outsourcing and the growth in unusual employment, employer support forms of involvement and representation , and the nuisance of legal limitations on the ability of unions to recruit, organize, collectively bargain and take industrial action, has all added to a quick fall in membership. Despite the acceptance of different essential strategies and the introduction of laws pushing employers to recognize unions, the downward trend in membership all the same go along in recent years, although at a slower pace.As mentioned earlier that employees are not the only ones who enjoys the benefits of joining the trade union but its the employer or the organization that enjoys and take advantage of the benefits of trade union as well. Employees can use trade union as tool through which their voices can be reached to the employer or management. Whereas, trade union greatly help employer or management as it saves their huge amount of time not only in solving their issues but also when they beseeches to implement any new rule they do not need to inform each and every employees rather they inform only the trade union leader who then informs all their members.Following are some roles of trade union in employee relationsMember servicesVoice in decisions affecting employeesNegotiationRepresentationThe roles of the trade union mentioned above are in brief explained earlier in our report.Tasks for P4Role of main actors in employee relationsAccording to (1966), the term employment relationship basically explains the interconnections that exist between employers and employees in the place of work. These interconnections may be formal, for example contracts of employment, procedural agreements. Or they might be informal interconnections as well in the form of the psychological contract, which states certain assumptions and expectations regarding what managers and employer have to provide and are willing to deliver. Employer and employee may also have an individual dimension, which pertains to individual contracts and prospects, or a collective dimension, which pertains to relationships between management and trade unions. (Kessler and Undy, 2006)Whereas according to Michael Armstrong, the parties of the employee relations are managers, employees and employee representatives (union). The substance includes the job, yield and career of individuals and the communications and culture of the organization as it directly affects them. It may also involve collective agreements and mutual employee relations like works councils etc.The formal aspects contain rules and procedures, and the informal dimension contains understanding, expectations and assumptions. At last, the employment relationship exists at different levels in the organization such as management to employees usually, and managers to individual employees and their representatives. The function of the relationship will also be affected by practices such as communications and consultation, and by the management style existing throughout the organization or implemented by individual managers. (Armstrong, 2006)P arties in the employee relationsRole of the parties in the employee relationsThe role of the employees in the employee relations is to consult their representative or union at times when he/she feels they are treated unfair or if they wish for a demand such pay increase, decrease in working hours or holidays etc. another(prenominal) role of employees in the employee relations is they must obey the orders from trade union.Whereas union or employees representative have two specific functions, to protect their members through collective bargaining, better terms and conditions, and to support and counsel to their members as individual employees.Similarly, the role of managers or employers is to maintain good relationship with the unions representatives which otherwise leads to different major issues. The role of managers or employers in employee relations is to communicate new policies and regulatings to their employees through employee representatives or unions.Tasks for M1An effectiv e popular opinion of PIADue to the prevailing strict security conditions in Pakistan, we were unable to visit PIAs office for collecting data. Therefore, we had to collect data via electronic sources.Disputes at PIAAccording to the report of Mr. Qasim Moini the correspondent of the Dawn News that fiver flights were affected on Friday after a clash over pay and a working agreement between the management and pilots of PIA imperil to have an effect on the flag carriers plan. (Dawn News, 2011)The Pakistan Airline Pilots Association (Palpa) the delegate body of most of PIAs 450 or so pilots certain its members to go by the book, read articles that allow them to take 10 days off in a month and not fly until accustomed notice 12 hours forrader a flight in writing.Another dissension at PIA was very shocking in terms of financial cost and passengers dissatisfaction. According to Dawn News on tenth of February 2011, employees strike at PIA that lasted for four days, trapped thousands o f passengers and abandoned around three dozen domestic and international flights on Friday. PIA spokesman Mashhood Tajwar verbalize 33 flights were canceled. No PIA planes were flying to or from the capital, Islamabad, while the timetable in the southern city of Karachi has been disturbed. Even though PIA is at the brick of loser but this strike cost PIA a loss of somewhat $22 million. (Dawn News, 2011)The problem was later resolved by federal intragroup Minister Rehman Malik by meeting with the employees association leader Suhail Baluch.Being an HR manager of PIA our decisionAn ideal manager is one that neer gives a run into to the birth of dispute, but since we know that managing human is not an easy task and their carriage is not constant and it changes situation to situation. It is also a believe at large that where human exist there must be some sort disputes because of the nature of human organism is they often challenges or perceive things wrongs or take things person ally.Our decision for the dispute of the pilot over pay increase and employment hours, we would first insure at our policies and employment contract in order to know what they state. afterward doing so we will critically analyze the party that is wrong (the management of PIA or the pilots). Even if the management of PIA is right, we will still not try give a chance to disputes because it badly make not only the business but it also dissatisfy customers because as a result of dispute customers may not be served with in the scheduled time.Whereas, even if the pilots were right then we being HR managers of PIA would try to the best of our abilities to carefully and effectively rectify this issue because as mentioned earlier the dispute can result in delays of flights which will financially affect PIA and it will dissatisfy customers as well. In order to rectify this issue, we would humbly request pilots to carry out their tasks on time. For this priming we would like to provide the m with some exceptional incentives because they are working extra hours. And to rectify pay increase issue, we would have contacted employees representative of PIA and being ideal HR managers of PIA we would have adopted win-win approach. This approach basically states that some aspects must be tolerated by the management and some the by the employees representative (employees). We believe our decision will not only help PIA to rectify the arising issue but it will also help them not dissatisfy their employees and their customers as well.While for the second dispute (strikes of the employees of PIA), our decision is almost the same. We will first not give a chance to raise such issues. This issue clearly indicates that the management of PIA is not good towards their employees as a result they were on strike and faced PIA will loss of millions of dollar.According to our deep observation regarding the strike of the employees that lasted four consecutive days creates both a huge advan tage and a huge disadvantage. The advantage of this issue for PIA could be a lesson that they should focus and give values to the issues of employees and the disadvantage of this strike is that employees showed their power that they are capable of doing anything with PIA if their wishes were not considered or valued in the future.We being HR managers of PIA would have consulted the union leader prior the issue had reach to a crucial level and in such situation we would have adopted you win-I lose approach because this approach would at least have saved the amount of loss that resulted as a burden of the strike.Outcome 2ndTask for P5Importance of simulation approach in industrial relationsBefore we discuss why framework approach is importance in industrial relations, we would first like to explain what industrial relation is.industrial relationsIndustrial relations may basically be considered as a system of rules regulating employment and the behavior in which individual behave at work. The systems theory of industrial relations, as put forwarded by Dunlop (1958), described that the function of the system is to create the regulations and practical rules that govern how much is distributed in the bargaining practice and how the parties contributed to one another. (Dunlop, 2006)Industrial relations is described in many more or less formal or informal forms in legislation and statutory orders, in trade union regulations, in collective agreements and arbitration awards, in social conferences, and in managerial decisions. The rules in industrial relations may be defined and logical, or ill-defined and illogical. Whereas, the only issue with industrial relations is that it does not adequately focus on the distribution of power between management and trade unions.Importance of framework approach in industrial relationsA framework is basically a supporting agreement around which something can be constructed or a system of rules, ideas or principles that is used to p lan or decide something. Framework approach is significant in industrial relations because it will help not only employees, employees representative but also the management or employer in exhibit them direction of their rights or authorities.Suppose an employee feels he/she treated unfairly such paid low or no holidays are given to him/her, the employee can consult their representative for this issue in order to rectify it. Similarly, if employer feels his/her legal orders are not obeyed, will consult employees representative in order to rectify this issue. This is all because of the proper framework, if there is no proper framework in industrial relations then, both employees and employers may not be able to resolve any issue.In simple words, we can say that framework approach to industrial relations helps in balancing the use of power both for employers and employees. It often observed that employers misuses their power and dictate their employees, to countermand such situations framework approach is used in industrial relations to maintain the balance of power between both the parties.Tasks for P6Types of collective disputesBefore we discuss different types of collective disputes, it is important first to know what is a dispute and collective dispute.Employment disputes are basically divided into two main typesIndividual disputesCollective disputesAs the name indicates, individual disputes are mostly those that involve a single employee whereas collective disputes involve groups of workers usually represented by a trade union.The definition of a collective dispute is pretty wide and can involve issues in dispute such as terms and clauses of employment, physical working conditions, commitment, termination, duties of service, provision of work, regulation and a group of other issues associated with employment relations.Collective disputes are further divided into two sub-types which areRights disputesInterests disputesA rights dispute arises where there is discrimination over the implementation or understanding of legal rights. Whereas in contrast, an interest dispute involve disagreements over the determination of rights and responsibilities of those already exist. Interest disputes generally arise in the perspective of collective bargaining where a collective agreement does not exist.Dispute and their different typesElements of collective disputesElements of the collective disputes are usually the grievances between employees and employers. These grievances are usually formed either repayable misuse of power by the employer or by the disobeying the orders of employers by the employees. Following are some of the elements of collective disputesWhen the normal methods of argument or negotiations between an employer and employee representatives fail to reach a conclusion a failure to agree must be recorded and a proper dispute course of actions should be appealed.The dispute methods must be in writing and, depending on the degree of the organization, it must give an opportunity for a dispute to be forwarded to a higher management-employee representative level.If the higher level of management-employee representative negotiation does not resolve the dispute then the issue should be forwarded to orthogonal conciliation.Logical time limits must be set for reference to the internal and external levels of a dispute method.In many cases employers and employee representatives may wish the dispute practice to provide for arbitration or mediation. It is advised for both the parties to try to resolve a dispute through conciliation before using these other types of dispute resolution.

Feminism in Christina Rossettis Goblin Market Essay -- Feminism Femin

Feminism in Christina Rossettis bugbear Market The straitlaced stop consonant marked the first traces of progress in the feminist movement, and poet Christina Rossetti embraced the advancement as her own long-established principles slowly became publicly acceptable. Her poem Goblin Market comments on the institutions in straightlaced society that she and her feminist contemporaries wished to see altered, creating in advance(p) fe male heroines to carry out its messages. The goblins serve as malicious male figures to tempt the innocent heroines, sisters Laura and Lizzie, to corruption. According to the priggish explanation, a gentleman never takes unfair advantage . . . or insinuates evil which he dare not say out, and possesses, among other qualities, the ability to avoid all suspicion and resentment (Landow 4). The goblins in Rossettis poem succeed in contradicting every Victorian definition of a gentleman throughout the poem the solo male figures present, they oppose the deleterious nature of men on the lives of women. In Goblin Market, the mens only beneficial purpose is impregnation. Once both sisters catch gone to the goblins and acquired the juices of their fruits, they have no further need of them (Mermin 291). The poem begins with the goblins calling the sisters attention to their delicious, strange fruits, which represent the proverbial forbidden fruit--one taste leads to destruction. But the goblins depict their fruits as enticing. Rossetti uses rich imagery such as Currants and gooseberries,/ Bright-fire-like barberries,/ Figs to fill your mouth,/ Citrons from the South,/ Sweet to vernacular and sound to eye (1) to stimulate the readers senses, just as the goblins calls provoke Laura and Lizzie. The goblins at... ...n Goblin Market. Victorian Poetry. Vol. 21, No. 2. Summer 1983. Phillips, W. Glasgow. Theme in Christina Rossettis Goblin Market. The Victorian Web. 1992. URL http//www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/ prim/vn/vic torov.html. Plowman, Melanie. As A Poet Speaking from Within Female Limitations. The VictorianWeb.1990.URL http//www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/vn/victorov.html. Rossetti, Christina. Goblin Market. Goblin Market and Other Poems. Ed. Candace Ward. New York Dover Publications, 1994. 1-16. Weathers, Winston. Christina Rossetti The Sisterhood of Self. Victorian Poetry. Vol. 111, No. 2, 1965. Wohl, Anthony S. The Supposed Excessive Sexuality of Lower Classes and Tribal Cultures. The Victorian Web. URL http//www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/vn/victorov.html.

Vouchers and School Choice are Not Necessary :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The issue of option, like so m some(prenominal) other novel educational reform attempts, serve erst again to highlight the fact that something is desperately wrong with the current educational system. While every unrivaled seems to be fully aware of the need for change, no one really knows where to start. In the process of making sense of this need to peg down the problems that beset education, many end up latching on to any novel idea that even vaguely offers the hope of finally livery that educational calm and success everyone so desperately longs for. The problem with this hit-and-run(a) approach is that it almost always ends up fragmenting the communities and societies that should in fact be pooling their energies and resources on the issue of educational reform. Name me ANY reform movement, and Ill argue you at least two camps for each of them - one for, and one against. The proponents of educatonal choice get under ones skin, over beat, carefully built up their pool o f arguments in patronage of its implementation. To fully understand this perspective, and before I share mine, I have selected a collection of quotes from various proponents of educational choice which should present, albeit statically, the central issues profound the concerns of these and many other students, parents, and teachers. In the process of indication them, please cause to focus on the issues they represent rather than the emotions that presently drive them. It is time to develop political muscle for parents and tykeren. We know that our urban public schooldays systems are hopelessly broken. We know that unless the parents of children in public schools are equal to threaten to enroll their children in competing private schools, the public schools will never be held accountable. Lessons must be learned from Voucher Bill buck, Joseph Walsh The most recent National Assessment of Education Progress reading test reports that 30% of high school seniors, 31% of eighth gr aders, and 42% of quadth graders couldnt reach basic reading levels. Those students who have spent from four to thirteen years in school, dont have even partial controller of the reading skills expected at their grade level. The High Cost of confine Literacy, Martha C. Brown There is no more important issue instantly than the education of our children. We could possibly disagree that our society - crippled by junto violence, teen pregnancy, and welfare dependancy - would experience a Renaissance if every child received quality education?

Hamlet: The Dionysian Character Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare H

critical point The Dionysian computer address crossroads, from Shakespeares The Tragedy of Hamlet, is the embodiment of the Dionysian man. Time and time again, Hamlet displays the traits of Frederick Nietzches Dionysian individual Hamlets inability to think rationally, his illusion between his emotional man and true reality, his rejection of pleasurable human desires, his impotent personality prevents action, and his realization that if arbiter is brought to his uncle, that will non change what has already happened (The Birth of Tragedy, section 7) (Dictionary.com, Dionysian). Hamlet exemplifies these flakeistics throughout the play, which ultimately bring about his own conclusion. Had Hamlets character embraced physical action rather Dionysian thought, the something rotten in the dry land of Denmark would not have led to his own self destruction (HAMLET, 1.4, 96). Hamlets inability to think rationally plagues him through the entire play. If Hamlet had not curse to his f athers ghost to avenge his death, he could have instead confronted Claudius about the bet instead of thinking irrationally by plotting and scrutiny his uncle for guilt (1.5, 94-114). primarily in the play, Hamlet has the first player speak the speech that he has told him to speak in The Mouse-trap, which he uses to determine Claudiuss guilt in his fathers death. Hamlet believes that this modification to the play will incite a reaction from world power Claudius, which it in fact does, but the kings words of Give me some airheaded away is not adequate evidence to prove Claudiuss guilt of his fathers death nor does it appear to anyone, besides Hamlet, as a rational method for testing his guilt (3.2, 256). Shortly after the play in Hamlet, Hamlet proc... ...ented with a situation in which they need to take action, the Dionysian person is unable to take the correct action at the inevitable time in order to do justice to the situation. Thinking about the situation and not acting w ill do nothing for the Dionysian individual besides satisfy the indulgence of thought. This is Hamlets downfall he cannot act at the necessary time and change his own fate. Sources Cited Dictionary.com Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy. New York Dover Publications, 1995. Hoy, Cyrus, ed. Hamlet An Authoritative Text, Intellectual Backgrounds, Extracts from the Sources, Essays in Criticism. New York W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1963. Shakespeare, William. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Updated stern Edition. Ed. David Bevington. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc., 1997.

Investigation of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and marble chips :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigation of the reception between hydrochloric acid and stain chipsA chemical chemical reaction is when two or more message called reactants arechemically bonded to form a impudently product, as a result of the process,for a reaction to take place, the particles must start out abundant energizingenergy to collide and form new bonds , this is called a boffo striking. The minimum amount of energy needed for a madecollision is activation energy, which is The energy that an atomicsystem must acquire onward a process can occur. Chemical reaction is distinct to a physical reaction, chemical reaction are not correctableand results in a new product, however a physical reaction can beeasily reversed as it only varyd its state. The activation energy isable to loosen particles and enable them to from new bonds to producenew products. The faster the molecules are moving the bigger thechance of a successful collision, so the faster and stronger thereaction forget be , the more kinetic energy a reactant has the easierit is for the new bonds the collide and produce new bonds.Variables that you could changeConcentration of hydrochloric acidSurface world of chipsMass of marble chips blackmailTemperature gaudiness of hydrochloric acidTime allowed to measure oxygen given ofVolume of gas collectedVarying the concentrationHigher concentration will make the reaction stronger, there will bemore particles in the same volume so there are a plow more collisions,making the reaction faster and increasing the chance of a successfulcollision, lower concentration makes a weaker reaction, there will befewer particles so less chance of a collision.Varying the compelA higher amount of pull will bring particles proximate togethermaking the reaction faster as there will be more collision with theenergy, a lower amount of pressure will make the particles more spreadput , making the reaction slower and reducing the amount of collisionand energy.Varying the surface areaA bigg er surface area will result in the number of particles toincrease so there will be a higher chance of a collision increasingthe rate of reaction , so the reactant broke into smaller pieces wouldreact faster oppose to larger pieces.Varying the temperatureAn increased temperature will increase the speed of the particle sothey collide more frequent as they have more energy. therefrom thereaction will speed up, a decreased temperature will have less energyit will move slower, collide less a great deal slowing the reaction down.Varying the throttle valveIf I increase the catalyst , the particles will move a lot faster asthe catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction, because they are moving

Wuthering Heights and Northanger Abbey as Gothic Novels Essay -- Emily

While on the vigorous journey through a novel, a reader can be faced with many questions, put forrad intention all in ally by the author, as well as ones they might energize up for themselves. Roland Barthes says Literature is the question minus the answer. For the near part this is true, all the same when one is reading for leisure or the author does not confront as well as they could this statement is invalid. Two novels that submit been busted down recently are Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights and Jane Austens Northanger Abbey. incomplete book has a common central question, but they both submit their pros and cons.Wuthering Heights is a book containing an intricate plot, and a labyrinth of relationships and emotions. The portraying in this book is extravagant, this is done primarily to draw attention to Brontes central question, how good is humanity? Most of Brontes focus goes into her characters, her well-nigh distinct character is Heathcliff, followed by the older Cat herine then to Nelly. As we face up back at the text, in that respect were many moments of pain when Heathcliff is described. As a child he was abandoned by his biological family, then Earnshaw died and odd him, then the rest of the family treated him poorly and he grew up a villain dragging Catherine with him. He is depicted as manipulative, cruel and heartless, and the pure outsider in Gothic novels. Most can agree that he was put through vast hardships and unfair mountain and undoubtedly, his psycheality was adapted negatively by this. Could he have changed to a good person? Did he want to? Maybe, but the death of his saviour and the hindrances of his new family all prevented him from becoming anything better. Yet we are all faced with hard circumstances and bitter hat... ...son for writing the novel. Even though the book was written all over one hundred and fifty years ago, she still had a cover on the ways of humanity. Austen on the other hand was not preferably ther e. She did try to make the reader see beyond the plot and characters, and most of the readers pick up on the satire, but it seemed as if there was no more to the book aside from this and critic of the Gothic. Bronte wants us to look at our lives and see what wrongs we are doing and change them, but she still leaves the unanswered questions How? and wherefore are humans like this? Austen may have intended to have more to her novel than just critic, but it was not obvious bountiful to be usable. All-in-all, both novels gave the reader a sense of being there with the characters, and both used precision in their narration to keep the readers in suspension or rolling on the floor laughing.

Acupuncture: Chinese Medicine Essay -- essays research papers

Acupuncture Chinese MedicineAs with every last(predicate) things we know little about thither is quite a musical composition of mystery surrounding stylostixis. The part people see the most is a person with needles sticking out of their flesh. Understandably being wary of acuate pointed objects being wielded by a complete stranger, this is often an obstacle that need to be over come. The best way to do this is by graceful educated about how acupuncture is performed, where it came from, what it does, some of the benefits vs. the problems, and the contrasting views about it. though out the many different texts on acupuncture you find there is room for interpretation on how to perform it, what to use, and even where the jam is placed. one and only(a) thing you will find in common among these texts is this, acupuncture whole kit and caboodle to varying degrees. The earliest recordings of the use of acupuncture go top 2,000 years. In China it is widely expressed that it has be en in use for 4,000 years. The origins go back as early as the Stone Age where abscesses were punctured by sharp stones or bone fragments. ( History ) When you experience pain it is an willing reaction to apply pressure to that location. Such as when you get a toothache. Also the remains may experience pain where the infection is not localized. Your body naturally sends you warning signals that something is wrong. The Ancient Chinese utilized these warnings, and substantial an intricate system of these points over time through observation. It is well to sympathise that applying pressure to relive pain with your hands evolved into the use of needles instead. Tortoise shells have been fix and dated back to 1500 B.C. during the Shang Dynasty - recording the use of acupuncture. The first actual indite text acclaiming acupuncture is called Nei Ching Su steatocystoma. It is written into two basic sections. The Su Wen, or easy questions and the Lung Shu, or hard questions. This bo ok basically lays out all the different points, but it is mostly a book on concept and theory. The Nei Ching Su Wen lays the basic rules of philosophy and treaties on health. These philosophies branched form two mainstream religions that abounded during the competitive States period in Chinese history. The first is Confucianism. The teachings of this religion stress that the body is sc atomic number 18d and are against dissection or surgery. T... ... You have no nasty lieu effect of drowsiness, or being groggy. The vomiting and stomach irritation are a thing of the past. This technique is especially being used and experimented with in China. There is also an different branch of acupuncture being explored. It involves pressure points specifically I the ear. These points are being found to be affiliated to all other organs of the body. Although there are arguments that acupuncture is strictly suggestion, they can be proven wrong. Suggestion cannot allow for a humankind being t o under surgery with pain. The discovery of endorphins shows that a chemical appendage is instigated through pressure points. There is a chemical increase of endorphins when acupuncture is performed. Research being funded in China by the United States, and other Western countries, are going to lead us to a owing(p) break through some day. The future looks bright, and everyday we learn much and more. Some day we may learn the secret of why acupuncture works for now we will have to accept that it does work and filter out to combine old and new philosophies to reach a greater understanding.

Hindu Gods in the Rig Veda :: essays research papers

The Hindu Tradition1.)AgniAgni is mentioned as m some(prenominal) different things much(prenominal) as the household priest king god of sacrifice, most graphic leader of all gods, wish granter, shines up in darkness, guardian of the order, shaper of power and master of sacrificed food, forever and a day included in sacrifices to other gods, favourite(a) priest, sharp sight of a poet, great speaker who inspires all with his sheeny speech, the first god to rejoice in human friendship, lord of tribes, the nous priest who finds riches and a combination of Indra (the strongest of all except Agni) and the long striding Vishna who is worthy of reverence. Worshippers of Agni want to hold a safe household, find riches and treasure, grow as a person in wealth and happiness, discontinue animal (human?) sacrifice to him, be inspired by his speeches, protection of their tribes and always be granted what they wish for. AngirasAngiras was mentioned just once in this school text as the me diator between heaven and footing. This name is related to the side word Angel.VarunaVaruna was said to have spread out the Earth, extended the wrinkle above the trees, put strength in horses, milk in cows, pull up stakes power in the heart, fire in waters, the sun in heaven, phase upon the mountains, caused rain by pouring his leather bag, moistened the Earth, to be the magic (maya) thespian and measured the Earth to the Sun with a measuring rod.Worshippers of Varuna ask for reconciliation from him and forgiveness of sins or offenses.Mitra and AryamanThese two were listed but there were not any writings about them except that they did have powers. I wonder whether Aryaman is the attraction of the gods for the Aryan people or tribe.ManuThe first man on Earth according to the Rig Veda, he is the Clan founder or Adam, Noah, Abraham or Moses. He is only listed on these texts.IndraIndra is mentioned in these texts as the bull, the strongest of all that hold out (except Agni), he is one of the most honored besides Agni, the warrior king of 33 gods of Manu, wielder of thunderbolt, a killer of dragons, killer of the first born dragon, overpowering the pat tricksters, the god who brought forth the sun, heaven and dawn, not having anymore enemies after Vritra, the great enemy of Indra, who challenged Indra, who is without shoulders. Indra killed Vritra with a thunderbolt, broke his nose and crushed him.