American or Anti-American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American or Anti-American - Essay Examplethem to shun violence and sit at the negotiating table .This pushed him to the head of the anarchist movement, which led him to lose not only his job but had also got him blacklisted. In dictate to support her family, Lucy opened a tailoring shop, where she sometimes hosted meetings with her friend Lizzie Swank, for the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). before long she was writing for The Socialist and The Alarm, an anarchist weekly published by the International Working Peoples Association (IWPA), which she and Albert had helped free-base in 1883.The most famous of Lucy Parsons editorials, published on October 4th, 1884, in the American class of the International Working Peoples Associations (IWPA) first issue of The Alarm, titled A Word to Tramps, which Parsons herself described as a word to the 30,000 now ramping the streets of this great city was a water parting call to the working class to do away with the exploita tive capitalist system. She urged the labor class to remedy their rightful share of their hard work (Lucy Parsons, Oct. 4th, 1884)Explaining how the system worked Lucy stated, In all those years of drudgery do you not know you have produced thousands upon thousands of dollars worth of wealth, which you did not then, do not now, and unless you ACT, never will, own whatsoever part in?...Can you not see that the good boss or the bad boss cuts no figure whatever? That you are the common prey of both, and that their mission is simple robbery? Can you not see that it is the industrial system and not the boss which must be changed? (Lucy Parsons, Oct. 4th, 1884)Lucy Parsons was a firm suggest of the theory, that power should reside in the hands of the workers and until this objective was achieved, she insisted on violent strikes, use of explosives, as rise as direct action, in order to wrest power from the capitalist classes. During the Chicago Hunger Demonstrations in January 1915, sh e made a

Performance management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Performance guidance - Essay ExamplePerformance management concept links the individual interests and objectives with the mission and strategic objectives of the geological formation thus enabling employees to focus on the consummation objectives (Aguinis 2012). Historical development of performance management rough of the earliest theorists of scientific management include Fredrick Winslow Taylor who advocated for scientific management concepts with the aim of improving the productivity of each individual employee. According to Taylor, simplification of the employments would increase employee productivity, and enable cooperation in the organisation. Ideally, Fredrick Taylor contributed to performance management through advocating for the heir of the rule of thumb and replace it a scientific method that could enhance the efficiency of work in the organisation. Taylors second scientific management principle is geared at matching workers to their jobs depending on the job descrip tion, skills and capabilities of each individual inn the organisation. ... ocation of the work between management and workers in a manner that managers go along most of their work time while laying out strategies and training while workers perform the function activities in an efficient manner. Taylor made a contribution to performance management through ensuring job description, lying-in specialization and incentive schemes for the highly performing employees (Aguinis 2012). Another early theorist of performance management in organisations was Mc Gregor. He came up with improved performance appraisal methods and measures of improving organisational effectiveness. According to Mc Gregor, performance management should involve appraisals that cater for administrative needs such as salary levels and promotion opportunities, development need such as the need for feedback and suggestion and finally motivation of the workforce. McGregor challenged the original notions of Taylor since employees could not be machine parts that can be redesigned or even eliminated. He perceived employees as individuals with alone(predicate) needs thus introduced a human relations approach to performance management. According to his theory X and Y, theory X asserts that average employees dislike work and thus individuals must be coerced since they tend to subdue both work and responsibility. Some of the modern methods that have been implemented in order to encourage this course of instruction of employees perform effectively include punishments and rewards (Bacal 2011). Theory Y asserts that work is natural just like feed and people will apply self-direction and control in attaining organisational objectives, thus eliminating the need of coercion and punishments. In addition, employees will accept and seek more responsibility if rewards are associated with achievement and creativity of the individual

Blackberry Strategic Management Dissection Research Paper - Stage 2

Blackberry Strategic Management Dissection - Stage 2 - Research Paper ExampleBlackberry, is among the major(ip) players in the communication industry, and must also not be left behind. In trying to take a breather competitive and relevant in the communication sector, Blackberry has so far developed and adopted non-homogeneous strategies which it tries to put in place.A strategy refers to an action or a set of plans that one uses in order to achieve one or more desired goals. Just from its visual sensation and mission statement-of which vision is to offer solutions for global communication market including software products- the objective is to dominate the mobile computing food market of tablets and Smartphone. A strategy is therefore signifi screwt in order for it any besotted to achieve its goals and objectives (Rumelt, 2011). integrated strategy is mainly concerned with how the management of a given company provides clear directions for all its condescension units. This incl udes how the departments of the firm work together in order to achieve a given set of objectives of shareholders maculation ensuring that the value of the firm is also met (Cappelli, 1999). Some of the strategies are strategy of diversification. This is mainly concerned with how a firm can reduce risks that it is exposed to (Capon, Farley & Hulbert, 1987). Diversification can be when a firm introduces some virgin products and services for example Blackberry have introduced new services as enterprise services, messaging QNX plant business and the devices business. Diversification has also seen Blackberry moved to different countries with varied levels of risks where they have even partnered with Faxconn to compensate smartphones in Indonesia and also other rapidly growing markets. Diversification also has seen Blackberry reduce be of production and at the same time increase on their market share as they can reach a greater number of people (Porter, 1996).Blackberry has also appl ied generic strategies. This is mainly concerned with extending in boundaries of the business by realizing synergies

Project Management Module Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Management Module Coursework - Essay ExampleThe live information that would be requirement would be in terms of the length of the project, the total costs of the project, the efforts of the staff that is Person Days Ratio. The cost information could be obtained from the use of the standards and measurements sections. We can ensure that costs argon in line with the estimates by making frequent comparisons with the actual costs with the estimates. The aspects of standard costing could similarly be established with prise to costs, recoveries and efficiency studies.Question 1C The choice for selection of project manager is being considered, In this connection, it is necessary to grant a person with IT background, since it is nowadays, a crucial aspect of project management, and IT is very much necessary for masking in industry situations. Moreover, it is also seen that effective business solutions, especially in the areas of Project Management, is inextricably link up with IT,Question 1D The Baseline metrics could be seen in terms of Development productivity, social unit costs and lapse clock time/unit. .In terms of development productivity, it measures one unit of effort could result in how many products. The unit costs could measure the amount of cost needed to produce one unit of product. The lapsed time per unit would be in terms of the time taken to produce one unit.Question 2 A The activity on arrow is a simple and easily understandable diagram which is also amenable to corrections. Even a non-technical person could follow these diagrams and understand the path of the network. It is also seen that the major achievements are easily marked and even in cases where there are multiple relationships between processes, the AoA diagrammatic facsimile is easier to understand.Question 2 B A dummy activity is one which is representative of a addiction but which has no time allotment, that means it could be carried simultaneously with another activity and therefore has 0 duration.The

Responding to classmates' work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Responding to classmates work - Essay ExampleThe whole fictitious character nearly Palestine Liberation Organization, bombings, shootings and suicide all refer to the routine lives which the western world does not understand. Thus MIA, identical other artists all over the world, uses the entertainment platform to educate the audience about their problems which they cannot through any other means.I would like to say that culture and identities are all created to accommodate ones own interests in check. Since the resources in the world are scarce, people had to create their own identities to stamp their call on a particular resource to keep it safe from others. Thus my belief is anti-Tomlinson that cultural identity is a victim, not product, of globalization. As a rationalist I believe that everybody selfishly thinks about oneself and protects ones resources. Having British accents in the movie is a sign that the universe parallel to our own will have people that are just like the people in UK thus showing enforcing the superiority of the UK. Now since the flow of information is universal payable to globalization, it is even more important for people to protect their own interests. Thus cultural or meeting identities are indeed becoming ever more meaningful as entities themselves.Globalization is a universal phenomenon yet the western world is involved in it than the eastern.

Energy security and energy securitization Essay

Energy protection and nothing securitization - Essay ExampleThe inequality in interpret to the nil sources available has ca utilize bleak conflicts among states worldwide, a phenomenon which was made particularly clear since the 1970s, the period of oil stupor (Bhattacharyya 2011, p.463). The above conflicts have led to the increase of risks in relation to the management of energy. Energy security has start a critical issue for every(prenominal) countries around the world countries, which have developed strategic alliances at heart the international community, have been able to respond more effectively to the needs of energy security for example, the cause of the European Union (Checchi, Behrens, and Egenhofer 2009). The various aspects of energy security, as cogitate to the energy securitization, are examined in this paper. The palingenesis of the literature published in the specific field proved that it is rather difficult for countries to meet all the requirements of energy security moreover, energy security has been often used for promoting other interests, especially for serving the economical interests of individuals or institutions. The management of energy security should be based on the relevant principles and rules established by the international community. 2. Energy security and energy securitization 2.1 Energy security characteristics and role Different approaches have been used in the literature in order to explain the context of energy security. In accordance with tufa (2008) energy security can be described as a reliable supply of energy at a sustainable cost (Tufa 2008, p.6). It seems that cost and reliability are two critical factors for specify energy security within the international community. This fact is verified through the definition of energy security given by Muller-Kraenner (2008) in accordance with the above definition, the energy security is considered as the provision of pretty priced, reliable and environmentall y friendly energy (Muller-Kraenner 2008, p.4). It is noted that the term energy security may integrate different elements in countries worldwide. For instance, in countries that are major oil producers, energy security reflects the ability of these countries to introduce the security of demand (Tufa 2008, p.6). From a similar point of view, the term energy security can be used in order to describe the efforts of a nation to keep the price of its energy related products low. On the other hand, Sovacool (2011) notes that energy security is related to the ability of a artless to respond to its energy needs, so that a) no problem would appear in regard to the survival of the specific nation (Sovacool 2011, p.78), b) the well-being of the country would not be threatened (Sovacool 2011, p.78), even if the characteristics of threat in the above case are not clearly described and c) the risks in regard to the management of energy sources within a country are minimized (Sovacool 2011, p .78). It is clear that the efforts to promote energy security are not standardized in countries worldwide. There are countries that consider energy security as a need justifying the development of severe conflicts other countries seek for

Trends in Business Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Trends in Business leaders - Essay ExampleChanges in the work environment lead to new leadership styles whereby leaders switch over their styles to remain efficacious. Such changes include improvement in key processes, streamlining functions and restructuring for effectiveness. For an organization to sustain relevance in business, strategists must be put in place to improve the organizations ability to render and do to changing trends in the market environment. They should be able to identify challenges in time and respond promptly by improving structures that boost business flexibility and adaptability. Adaptability reduces rigidity of the leaders and enables them to commit to genuine and future changes. Therefore, they should view change as inevitable and essential part of organization success. The goal of much(prenominal) changes is adapt, regenerate and survive (McLean, 2006). This paper discusses five main trends in business leadership, the reasons for emerging trends and strategies to cope with these trends. Reasons for Trends in Leadership Most leaders lack competencies in strategic thinking, leading change, ability to inspire, techniques to create a vision and involve others in it. They similarly lack the ability to understand the organisational set up and proper functioning of systems. Most business organizations contain a large number of interacting processes and structures that be ticklish to manage. This has forced many organizations to adopt strategies geared towards improving performance and attaining as well as maintaining combative advantage. Effective leadership is the most significant of the strategies, thus most leaders are pressured by high performance expectation resulting to the emergence of new trends. Information systems in many organizations are indecipherable and alter making the interactions between different organs of an organization difficult. Interactions in these organizations are non linear complicated implying that spot changes in leadership leads to pronounced, disproportionate effects at all departments. This has led to communication trends and the need for effective leadership trends. Increased globalization has increased the urge to lead across cultures. The transformation from traditional organizational strategies has allowed room for flexibility and expansion enabling businesses to explore global markets. Most local markets are likewise facing stiff competition from local firms therefore creating a need for most organizations to explore international markets. Most organizations are favoring global-oriented who are able to formulate effective strategies that promote international business. Technology trends are caused by information overload, lack of interconnectedness between organization systems and business communities. Most of the new technologies also disrupt the professional practices. Organizations are thus edged towards effective leadership skills that are technologically encei nte to steer management towards technological advancement. The main trends in business leadership are Focus on Human Resource Current market research indicates that most organizations consider human resource as the most eminent asset in corporate growth. Emerging trends predict that human resource forget be the most

Applying the six dimensions to the study of Judaism Essay

Applying the six dimensions to the study of Judaism - Essay guinea pigIn fact, the giving of the covenant is what they believe makes the Jewish people the chosen people, and it is the one that also dictates their characteristic practices (dietary prohibitions and worship on the Saturday Sabbath for instance), practices that gives them distinction from others.Meanwhile, accounts of the creation of the world by one God, as written in the first book of the Torah (The Genesisalso in the Bible), shows the mythical component of Judaism as a religion. This yarn also shows that God blessed Abraham to be the father of a great nation (basicjudaism.org 2007). While the Christian Bible also believes in this account, this puts the Jews as direct descendants of Abraham the recipient of the blessings of God and eternal salvation, which is not open to other peoples or gentiles (which is contrary to Christian doctrine).The study doctrinal dimension of Judaism is the Torah, where the 613 laws and commandments are apt(p) to the Jewish people (basicjudaism.org 2007). It includes the giving of the law of God, the creation of the Jewish holidays and dietary restrictions, and even on the correct codes and manners of worship. Although it is true that the Torah also consists of the first five books of the Bible, Christians place an emphasis on the New Testament, which is not believed by the Jews. This is the reason why the belief in the Torah also contributes to the distinctive identity of Judaism.One of the major ethical dimensions of Judaism is also found in the Torah, specifically on the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy (basicjudaism.org 2007). It is in these books where the dietary restrictions of the Jews (such as prohibitions on pork and ducks), as well as on how to treat women. In addition, it also shows the role of phantasmal authorities in handling disputes among the people. These distinct

Machivelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Machivelli - Essay ExampleIn order to back up my ideal or so the working schema of the essay by Machiavelli, t here(predicate) ar some of the aspects that are being discussed here from the context of the essay (HistoryMuse.net). Machiavelli have noted that unrivalled should never intrude in ones property because that may threaten the social security of an individual which may put him under the slump that he or she needs to be a rebel which affects the social environment. Those who appear greedy whollyow for always get a similar treatment in a society (YouSendit.com).The first young that is taken under debate regarding the text is that Machiavelli has shown a rather greedy side of a prince where he would be concerned about each and every aspect of the materials that may enforce him with power. I cogitate that this is not just a fake statement by the author because it is true in all dimensions. The monarchs or the government head always try to get more power if they have adit to. If the material that provides power belongs to one person that the prince (representation of monarchs or the government) will be inclined towards that individual to light up power for authority.Another issue which is merely regarding the attribute of a prince being fearful or love is that Machiavelli suggested in his text that government needs to be sure of the fact of being loved or feared by its people. Some governments would like to be feared while other would be loved. As per the suggestion of Machiavelli, one should be able to feared and then loved. This is agreeable as the government needs to empower the people when they are given the right way.The cruelty has also been considered as an aspect of argument. It is in the manner as express by the author Clement should be the way of governing rather than being cruel. The author has warrant this stance in the form of governments in the previous times which went unsuccessful to provide

Robin Hoods Band as an Example of Financial Control and Authority in Assignment

robin redbreast Hoods Band as an face of Financial Control and Authority in Resolving Disputes between People - Assignment ExampleImposing a fixed tax on the route through the forest would make robin unpopular with the band which in turn could lead to a revolt against robin and his nourishmenters (Burke, Lake and Paine). It is in addition of the essence(predicate) to mention here that a fixed transit tax would have Robin lose the support of the villagers.Expanding into new territory would tout ensembleow Robin and his band to generate greater revenue than they are presently generating. This would not only solve financial problems of the band merely would also make it harder for Prince John and the Sheriff to mark down members of the band and interrogate them regarding the whereabouts of the entire band. Expanding into new territory would also provide the opportunity to skin their loot in different more secure places. killing the Sheriff would not yield the result of Robins financial problems and there is a good disaster that killing the Sheriff would create more troubles for him than it would solve. Killing off the Sheriff might help Robin get the authorities off his back temporarily hardly Prince John and the Sheriffs political allies would be even more determined to apprehend Robin. furthermore murdering the Sheriff would not be an easy task. The Sheriff would probably be guarded by his men at all times and getting close to him would not be an easy task.The Barons proposal has a lot of advantages but there are also a large number of disadvantages to the acceptance of their proposal. The greatest advantage of luck the barons ensure the return of King Richard would not only get rid of Prince John and the Sheriff but it would also put Robin and his band in King Richards good books. However, there is a chance that a plan this big would grab the attention of Prince John before it can be carried out. The liaison of Robin in such a plan could increase the determination of Prince John to capture Robin and his band of men.The best course of action for Robin would be to opt to expand into new territories.

Homework for Marshall Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework for Marshall - Coursework ExampleThe Marshall plan was aimed at appealing to the States to generously lend a hand to Europe after the war (Marshall par. 7). The plan aimed at dowery all humanity and not just a few as before, as Marshall would lay it, the the Statesn policy was not against any nation or creed but against hunger, poverty, and chaos. The plan was meant to rear security to all humanity and not just what interested America. It was to see that Europe was rebuilt and the hate and crust that came up during world war was not revived. The plan also showed what values the Americans had. As opposed to fright and anger that could have risen after the war, the people choose to be generous. The plan exhibited flexibility as it was not aimed towards a particular race, but to all mankind affected by the war (Marshall par. 9). sooner the war, American policy was selective in that whatever happened to other countries was their own business. As long as there was no direct threat to America, there would be no involvement. After the war, America realised that lack of peace elsewhere would at one magazine reach within its territory.This plan helped America realize that there was need to use power and prestige to protect and help its friends at time of need. This plan helped America transform from individualists to

ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS- THE ORGANIZATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS- THE ORGANIZATION - move ExamplePapworth Hospital also has the Chest Medical Unit that offers respiratory services (Papworth Hospital NHS al-Qaida Trust, 2013). It is a PublicNHS and has a tremendous comparisonship with the community due to its long service in the area.The philosophy of Papworth Hospital promotes a positive approach to review and diagnosis, ensuring that the patient accesses medical administer in the most suitable setting by the best personnel (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2013). This relates to team spirt from the staff who share work collectively for safe and effective clinical care. The hospitals perpetration statement is to uphold its status as excellence center for diagnosis and treatment of patients. Papworth Hospital may be said to be a matrix brass section as responsibilities are shared in the organization. The board members are involved in decision making, patients and the public are also included in consultations ( Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2013). This form of communication explains the level of consultations within the organization.Papworth Hospital seems to have issues with its internal date systems. This means that the governance process must be changed to improve the risk management systems as wholesome as come up with a framework that will ensure that all stakeholders play their habit efficiently (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2013). Nonetheless, the hospital is keen to constantly review its reports what allows to control activities in the organization as well as achieve the set goals. The hospital has a culture of reviewing risks in relation to the quality standards thus, quality service provision efficiently (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 2013).Papworth Hospital nursing care delivery system involves modern matrons that ensure cleanliness of the patient environment as well as adjudge the nurses in the wards efficiently (Papworth Hospital NHS Foundati on Trust, 2014). Social workers help in discharging

Malcolm Gladwell's David and Goliath presentation Assignment

Malcolm Gladwell&aposs David and giant presentation - Assignment ExampleDavids brand is an underdog in this presentation that serves to show the upper evanesce he had against heavyweight. Contextually, Gladwell argues that nimble, newcomers with new answers to old challenges frequently beat giant risks or barriers. Davids strong wooing originated from his ability to break the presumptions of conventional battle strategies that size means power.2 Here, Gladwell says that being the underdog creates a situation that shows wherefore there is always more than meets the eye.Using context to express an analysis of the account of David and Goliath makes Gladwells work convincing.3 The presentation is essentially about spiritual weapons as well as how affective and grotesque desires are as equally important as financial or material desires. In the absence of physical advantages, one has ideas, imagination, perseverance, devotion, and excitement to keep going. A critical look at the sto ry of David and Goliath underscores this near rationale as I was convinced to appreciate my ideal and imaginative gifts as they are, as should any other historian or even

Case study #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study 3 - search ExampleThe couple should visit a nutritionist to assist them in creating a hebdomadary computer menu and attendant shop list of what they will need to ensure good health. This also acknowledges the wifes need to be included in the care plan process (Quaglietti, A bothod, Ackerman, & Froelicher, 2000, 261). A schedule of medications inescapably to be created and do accessible to the couple. The caregiver should meet them, on a weekly basis, and portion come forward the pills into periodical containers, marked with the day and time that the medication should be ingested. This process should be reviewed with them to ensure they realize which pills are taken and why. A moderate exercise program that both can follow, e.g., walking, should be developed, and a walking route appropriate to the weather and their living circumstances worked out. This should be part of a daily time table that includes meal times, exercise times, and medication times. A monthly revie w of all activities should be undertaken by the care team (Grady, et al., 2000, 2452). There should be frequent telephone contact between visits by the nurse to ensure that the couple are managing his care plan and that the wife is feeling less overwhelmed. A nurse should visit the family weekly and review (i) nutritional breathing in and advise of any adjustments (ii) medication intake and subsequent medication division and packaging for the following week and, (iii) the amount of exercise taken and adjustments made as needed. A nutritionist should also visit once per week to plan and review weekly menus and to assist with creating shopping lists. A social worker should be contracted to come into the home two or three times a week (i) to assist with the grocery and any other shopping (ii) to go with the couple for exercise and, (iii) to ensure that proper personal care is also taking place, on with maintaining a clean and healthy environment.Health education is needed to ensure t hat the couple

Ford vs Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

fording vs Toyota - Essay lessonrds protecting the environment Ford has often been categorized as one of the leaders in impairment of innovating fuel efficient vehicles in the current automotive market Ford has expanded its business activities to several(prenominal) developing countries including the European, Asia Pacific, Middle-Eastern, Afri drop and American regions Weaknesses Ford has been noticed to epoch-makingly depend upon the automobile sector confine itself from expanding to other segments. In this regard, it can be stated that Fords is likely to lack in diversification outline The guild has also been criticized on the basis of its efficiency in establishing sustainable markets for high end cars The company can be witnessed to face the limitation of continuously declining market share in its global market, in feature in the Asia Pacific region owing to the increase in competition level Ford can be witnessed to consider defensive competitive strategies in most inst ances to cope up with the competition in the international arena Financial stability of Ford is significantly impacted by the economic fluctuations of that particular region Opportunities Ford has introduced hybrid cars which runs on electrical energy and is forecasted to have great opportunity in the near future The demand for fuel efficient vehicles of Ford has been notably increasing opening up significant opportunities for its future growth The increasing sales revenue evidently depicts that Ford has been well veritable in the global market by its customers The automobile sector has been noticed to demonstrate a developing trend in the small and medium markets Introduction of fuel efficient cars, such as revolve about ECOnetic of Ford in the European market, are likely to have significant opportunities for the growth of the company in its future Threats The sales volume of cars has been noticed to decline to a certain extent in confused places such as US, Canada and UK among others imposing a market risk to Ford The company has been facing significant competition from the Japanese automotive companies operating within the Western regions The company faces difficulties as a impart of the strict emission norms in certain nation such as US and Europe do an obstruction on its marketing operations Ford has been facing a problem in capturing the Asiatic markets owing to the presence of automobile giants such as Toyota which in turn hampered the growth of the company in terms of its market share Economic fluctuations tend to impose a major threat to Fords financial stance in that particular region (Ford Motor Company, 2012 Richter, A. & Pahl, 2009) Toyota Motor Corporation Strengths Toyota is among the leadership manufacturers of automobiles in terms of production capacity as well as sales volume Toyota is acknowledge as a company which is dedicated towards producing environmentally safe vehicles and technologies, since its inception Toyota is the manufa cturer of worlds most excellent selling hybrid car, Prius which evidently rewarded the company a leading position in the inter

Report on Herbal Medicine Essay Example for Free

Report on Herbal care for Essay1. Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to mankind. Herbs had been apply by all cultures throughout history, In 2735 B.C., the Chinese emperor Shen Nong wrote an authoritative treatise on herbs that is still in use today. 2. The World health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion people, 80% of the world population, presently use herbal medicine for more or less aspect of primary health care. indeed, around 25% of the prescription drugs dispensed in the United States birth at least one active ingredient derived from sic material. 3. Today, research confirms that the herb boosts the immune musical arrangement by stimulating the production of disease-fighting white blood cells. 4. WHO notes that of 119 plant-derived pharmaceutical medicines, about 74% are used in modern medicine in ways that correlated directly with their traditional uses as plant medicines by native cultures. 5. Herbs take many forms like capsule, tabl et, tea, tincture, bath, compress, poultice and ointment. 6. Like any kind of remedies Herbs train advantages and disadvantages you have to ask your Doctor before take any of it, Generally Herbs dont have any stern dangerous on our health thats the reason why millions of people use it around the world.Conclusionscientific experts and users of the Herbs are divided about its benefits. However, Herbal medicine is considered to be safe.Recommendations1. Any medicine herbal or new(prenominal)wise has the potential to have a adverse effects (or side effects). 2. Herbal medicines can too interact with other medicines you are taking. This could result in reduced or enhanced effects of the other medicines, including side effects. If you are consulting your doctor or pharmacist about your health or are about to have surgery or an operation, always tell them about any herbal medicines you are taking. 3. As with all medicines, keep herbal medicines out of the sight and reach of children.

Media Analyisis - Big Brother Essay Example for Free

Media Analyisis galactic chum EssayThe first feature I observe about bouffant chum salmon is how it follows the generic conventions of human beings TV. This is particularly true of the narrative tumid sidekick shares the same main whodunit code of who will win? as various other veracity TV create mentallys such as Strictly Come Dancing, Fame Academy, and Celebrity Love Island. The concomitant that Big Brother places such emphasis on competition with tasks and challenges constantly presented to the contestants, means that the narrative is based on conflict. The assist of nominations is a prime example of this.This again follows the generic conventions of reality TV and is an important factor considering that this musical musical genre is based on causality. In a show based on character interaction and sense it is important to have an element of conflict as it produces greater reactions and drama. However, whilst Big Brother follows the conventions of reality TV, t he genre of reality TV is actually very unconventional. Reality TV is actually a hybrid of strap/game show/ documentary which have been merged to create an entirely new genre this makes it a bricologe.Bricologe is a new media concept and is a good example of how genre must keep changing to avoid repetition to the point of boredom (Tessa Perkins). The mode of address is overly typical of other reality shows. Big Brothers presenters talk directly to the audience, giving the show a more personal and inclusive disembodied spirit this ensures the audience can relate to the show more easily. Big Brother also employs a part over which is needed due to practicity issues. The voice used may be strivingal but the fact that a variety of accents are used (in particular Geordie) means the audience dont feel alienated.I deal that the formality of the voice over is used to give the show more credibility as unlike to a more sensationalist feel. Big Brother also features salutary double sta r oppositions in the form of characters this is a decision again based on the importance of causality. The housemates were all chosen due to their strong personalities the producers are aware that this will produce a greater interest and reaction from the public whilst also ensuring that there is likely to be a clash of personalities in the house, resulting in more drama.Examples of character binary program oppositions are leniency and Niki. They are bother from very different backgrounds and have different values and morals. Grace comes from a privileged background, going to an all girls school and living in a flat in London that her parents pay for. However she is independent and appears decisive and strong-willed. Grace appeared to look down her nose on what she considers to be slutty women with no class, especially those involved in the glamour industry.Niki on the other hand, works as a glamour model, promotions girl, and dancer, which immediately clashes with Graces morals. Character wise, she is the opposite of Grace she is very fussy, indecisive, and emotional. Her goal in aliveness is to marry a footballer and not have to work. It is not just Niki and Grace who are binary oppositions based on their individual tapes every single housemate is in theory an opposition of each other. As I mentioned earlier, this was purposely done in order to cause conflict in the house.The main enigma code is also based on causing conflict, and that is who will win? The competitive ideology of the programme ensures there will be friction between the housemates. This is reflective of the hegemonic ideology of todays rat race. The other little major enigma codes, such as romances and the tasks ensure that the audiences interest is held at all times. The bright, synthetic excitement of the Big Brother house creates a claustrophobic environment, this again encourages conflict.An important point to consider when analysing Big Brother is the fact that its makes use of sele ctive editing it is an example of mediation as it uses editing to lick the viewers opinions of the housemates. E. g. by continuously showing clips of Grace bitching exaggerates her nastiness and portrayed her as a villain. Big Brother uses this to get a greater reaction from the public with the aim of keeping in the housemates that stand the most entertainment.Big Brother also retains the power to influence the viewers opinion of the housemates through gap composition and editing this can completely change or form the representation of a housemate. This is super important as the housemates were all chosen to solve different parts and portray different stereotypes therefrom Big Brother aims to represent them as their allotted characters. An example of this is Nikis portrayal as a botch up yet loveable drama queen the programme is edited in a way that shows her tantrums in a humorous light.This was particularly true in the run up to her and Graces eviction, when it was quite ob vious Big Brother wanted Niki to remain in the house. Glyn is another example of stereotypical representation, being represented as your typical oversexed, slightly naive, awed country boy. Big Brother again had a part to play in this representation by focusing on his naive comments and fantasising. On a broader scale, Big Brother is not only representing its housemates but is also a reflection of society.

IT and Customer Relationship Management Essay Example for Free

IT and Customer Relationship Management EssayRead the Harvard Business inform case for Maru Batting Center, KEL688. The optional technical note, Using Customer Relationship Management to Analyze the spirit Value of a Customer KEL695, can also help walk through the exercises. The data in Excel format is available for download in the course package, KEL691. Answer the questions below based on only information saveed in the case and your understanding of the case.You may answer the questions in either strain or bullet points form. Be concise and substantiate your answers with logical arguments and flow of thoughts. Question 1What is the client acquisition cost for Maru Batting Center (MBC) for the following customers?a) A Little unifyrb) A Summer batterc) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC places the ad in the local baseball game game enthusiasts magazined) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC purchases the key and invites all target customers to the gala evente) An Entertainment seekerQue stion 2Without discounting cash flows to don into account the time value of money, how soon will MBC break even on the following customers?a) A Little Leaguerb) A Summer Sluggerc) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC places the ad in the local baseball enthusiasts magazined) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC purchases the List and invites all target customers to the gala evente) An Entertainment questerQuestion 3Taking into account the time value of money and assuming that 100 per centum of a customer segment will have experienced attrition once the net presentvalue of annual profits per customer falls below 100, what is the lifetime value to MBC of the following customers?a) A Little Leaguerb) A Summer Sluggerc) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC places the ad in the local baseball enthusiasts magazined) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC purchases the List and invites all target customers to the gala evente) An Entertainment SeekerQuestion 4Little League representatives have approached MBC from the nearby Chiy oda ward who are eager to net profit the jersey subsidy the Minato ward has enjoyed due to the companys sponsorship. Because the parents of Chiyoda Little Leaguers will have to live on a greater distance, Maru believes there will be a lower response rate (8 percent) and a lower retention rate (65 percent), which she can make up for by purchasing slightly lowerquality jerseys, reduce the cost of sponsorship to just 600 per player. However, the Chiyoda ward representatives demand that theirs be the only ward receiving such a sponsorship, which direction MBC must choose between the two wards. The Chiyoda representatives argue that because their ward has twice the number of Little League customers, it is more attractive than the Minato ward. Should MBC pursue the Chiyoda ward sponsorship? Explain your reasoning.

Family and marriage ten theories Essay Example for Free

Family and marriage ten theories Essay1. Family Ecology- The ecological context of the family affects family life and childrens outcomes. It explores how the family is influenced by the environment.This theory studies how family lives and decisions. It essentially brings frontward the approximation that either choice that you make affects your family, your lifestyle, the surrounding events as soundly as historical events. appoint ConceptsNatural physical-biological environment- This concept deals with climate and climate change, soil, plants and animals. brotherly- Cultural environment- This concepts deals with human make things as well as cultural arti situations. theorist/ Individual- This concept was discovered/ or created by ecologist saturation and Weaknesses- roughly strengths of this theory is that What You Think- I retrieve that this theory is totally correct. I feel like every choice I make does affect my family. It affects their lifestyle as well as how the y view things, as well as how they form their opinions. These decisions that I am making now, affects how we live and will affect how they root they will live when they get older. These decisions ar things like, where we live, how we live, work ethics, as well as the food we eat.2. The Family look Course Development Framework Families experience predictable change over time. This basically brings forth the idea that families go thru unpredictable changes, which add and subtr second from their family composition. This means birth, death and the leaving home of a family fragment. happen upon ConceptsFamily Life Course- Events that add and subtract from a familys composition Developmental Tasks- tasks that have to be sinless before you can transition to the next stage. On Time Transitions- Events that occur when they are supposed to, as opposed to being too early, or too late. Role Sequencing- The order in which major transitions target place. theorizer/ Individual- Life Cou rse Therapist, and Ueker and Stokes specialization and Weaknesses Some of the strengths of this theory is that it analyzes the family as a unit. What You Think- This theory basically states that family life begins with marriage. This is crazy and untrue. I say this because nowadays family life begins when you have a kid as opposed to when you getmarried.3. The Structure- Functional stead- The family performs essential functions for society. This deals with the way families fulfill basic societal needfully, such as raising children responsibly, providing economical support, and emotional security. notice Concepts social Institution-Family StructureFamily FunctionsFunctional AlternativesTheorist/ Individual- Social ScientistStrength and Weaknesses- Some of the strengths is that it analyzes the way families raise their kids, as well as how the family meets the needs of its members. The weaknesses of this theory is that it analyzes the family as a whole, as opposed to analyzes separ ately person individually and how they deal with each other.What You Think- I think that each eyeshot is uniquely different and this perspective analyzes how families fulfill its members needs. The needs that they analyze, are basically what makes a family functional. These needs are things that each members needs to feel like they play a part in the unit.4. The Interaction- Constructionist Perspective By means of interaction, humans construct socio-cultural meanings. The internal dynamics of a group of interacting individuals construct the family. Key ConceptsInteractionSymbolMeaningRole MakingSocial Construction of RealityDestructionPostmodernismTheorist/ IndividualStrength and Weaknesses- The strengths of this theory is that it looks at the family as a whole to see what is being through with(p) collectively to create the closeness. i of the weaknesses is that it does non look at the obvious, it should analyze the person that keeps the family together. Each member is following the lead of one person, whos main goal is to keep the family together.What You Think- I think this theory basically analyzes family practices and what things, like rituals, bring them together, or create a apparent closeness. These are things that can be used to identify, or analyze another persons behavior, when they dont come from a family like structure.5. change Theory- The resources that individuals bring to a relationship or family affect the formation,continuation, nature and power dynamics of a relationship. Social exchanges are compiled to create networks and social capital. This meaning that when passel are engaged in social exchanges they peg down their costs and maximize their rewards. Key ConceptsResourcesRewards and CostFamily PowerSocial NetworksSocial SupportTheorist/ Individual- Social TherapistStrength and Weaknesses- The strengths of this theory is that it analyzes relationships and peoples economic perspective on forming the relationships. The weaknesses are that the perspective analyzes the peoples economic perspective on forming relationships but it doesnt analyze thoroughly what pillow slip of person they are, and how they attract friends, and form relationships. What You Think- I think this is a great theory. It basically means that when you are forming relationships with people you are analyzing what you can get from the relationship, as opposed to what you are giving in return, or what you have to bring to the table. It basically states the person with less committment to the relationship has more power.This is because the person with less committments not the person competing for the relationship,as if they dont grapple either way, whereas the other person actually cares and wants the relationship to bloom.6. Family Systems Theory- The family as a whole is more than the sum of its parts. This meaning that the family, becomes whole, although it is comprised of interrelated parts. Key Concepts System- a combination of elements or components that are integrated and organized as a whole. Equilibrium- balanceBoundaries- ideas about who is in the family and who is outFamily Therapy-Theorist/ Individual- PsychotherapistStrength and Weaknesses- Some of the strengths are that the theory is that it bases its theory off of research of the family and how it is comprised of different parts. One weakness is that it does not analyze the different personalities within the family as well as the family interactions to determine what keeps them balanced. What You Think- I think that the Family Systems theory is a theory that basically researches the family and it looks at a system as a combination of elements. This is good because it looks at how the family actually interacts together.7. Conflict and Feminist Theory- Gender is central to the analysis of the family antheral dominance in society and in the family is oppresive of women. It is the opposite of structure functional theory. The theory argues that human physiology , genetics, and hormones dispose individuals to certain behaviors. Key ConceptsMale dominancePowerInequality-Theorist/ Individual- theoretical scientist/ social scientist Strength and Weaknesses- Some strengths of these two theories are that they basically analyze what causes certain people to be treated unfair and unequally. It basically tries to ask and answer the question as to what makes males more dominant than females. One of the weaknesses is that it can not efficaciouslyanswer this problem, nor solve it because it still exists. What You Think- Conflict Theory analyzes unequal Power. Feminist Theory analyzes gender issues.8. The Biosocial Perspective- growth of the human species has put in place certain biological endowments that shape and limit family life choices.Key ConceptsEvolutionary heritageGenesHormonesBrain ProcessesInclusive FitnessTheorist/ Individual- BehavioristStrength and Weaknesses- One of the strengths is that it analyzes the fact that a persons environmen t helps shape them. One of the weaknesses is that their research found that they could not the factors considered were dependent upon each other, as opposed to just one. What You Think- I think that this theory basically analyzes how a person sees the world and how their behaviors are affected by their environment and family life.9.Attachment Theory- Early Childhood experience with caregivers shape psychological attachment styles. This brings forth the idea that during infancy and childhood a young person develops a style of attaching to people.Key Concepts apprehendInsecureAnxiousAttachment StylesTheorist/ Individual- BehavioristStrength and Weaknesses- some of the strengths are that it analyzes why kids act the way they do and how they get attached to people. The weaknesses are that it does not leave the door open to apologize if they are conditions thatworsen the childs ability to attach to a person, orWhat You Think- I think that the theory is dead on and it explains why a chil d acts a certain way towards people they dont know, meeting new people, and why they dont want to be seperated from their care giver.

Impact of Financial Crisis on International Trade Essay Example for Free

Impact of Financial Crisis on Intertheme mete out EssayThe work described in this paper was substantially supported by a grant from the Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project no. HKUST6212/00H). 253 254 Zihui Ma and Leonard K. Cheng Forbes (2001) went further to construct close to statistics measuring the brilliance of treat linkages in transmitting crises. Because most economists agree that international plenty is unitary of the important factors in explaining ? nancial crises, it seems natural and logical to ask the reverse question what atomic number 18 the e? ects of ? nancial crises on international switch?Surprisingly, little research on this subject has been done. Perhaps the reason is that the answer appears to be obvious. Conventional wisdom would predict that a ? nancial crisis, by bringing about a recession in the macroeconomy, would lead to a drop in imports. Exports, however, may rise because of both a decline in municipal demand and a devaluation of the domestic masterperty. A weakening or collapse of the ? nancial system, in grouchy the banking system, however, might weaken the countrys export capability. So the aggregate e? ects of a ? nancial crisis on the macroeconomy are unclear.This paper tries to ascertain whether the ambiguity can be resolved empirically. We divide all the recent ? nancial crises into two types banking crises and currency crises. These two di? erent types of crises had di? erent attributes and di? erent e? ects on international shift. This paper begins by analyzing theoretically the e? ects of banking and currency crises on international trade. Then it uses bilateral trade data, macroeconomic data, and geographic data to judge the theoretical predictions. Overall, the empirical results provide support for the theoretical predictions.This paper contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it provides a theoretical framework for understanding the impact of ? nancial crises on international trade and the channels of crises transmission done trade. Second, it estimates the e? ects of banking crises and currency crises on imports and exports. The estimated results can be used to predict the impact of ? nancial crises on trade, at that placefrom providing useful information for risk management to policymakers. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. instalment 8. 2 reviews previous works on the relationship between international trade and ? ancial crisis. Sections 8. 3 and 8. 4 poll the e? ects of banking crises and of currency crises on trade, respectively. Section 8. 5 describes the data and methods used to estimate the e? ects of these crises. Section 8. 6 reports the results of empirical estimation and statistical testing. Section 8. 7 concludes. 8. 2 Literature Review employment and Financial Crises Economists pay attention to the role played by trade in ? nancial crises for two reasons. First, trade imbalance h as been sh bear to be one of the important factors that trigger ? nancial crises. Current de? cits may decrease foreign reserves.As Krugman (1979) pointed out, a currency crisis is more likely to happen in an economy that does non present luxuriant foreign reserves. The E? ects of Financial Crises on International Trade 255 Second, ? nancial crises may be ancestral by trade linkages from an a? ected country to others despite the latters relatively good fundamentals. In explaining much(prenominal) contagion e? ects, economists have tried to identify the channels through which contagion was spread. As trade is the most obvious economic linkage between countries, much research has been devoted to this connection.While the importance of trade imbalance in triggering crises is widely accepted, there is no agreement on the importance of trade in transmitting ? nancial crises. Eichengreen and Rose (1999) used a binary-probit model to test whether bilateral trade linkages transmitted crises between industrial countries between 1959 and 1993. They found that the probability of a ? nancial crisis occurring in a country change magnitude signi? cantly if the country had high bilateral trade linkages with countries in crises. They concluded that trade was an important factor.Glick and Rose (1999) conducted a identical analysis with more countries between 1971 and 1997 and obtained a similar result. Forbes (2000) used a companys stock market data to study the importance of trade in ? nancial crises transmission, and his result also showed that trade played an important role. However, other papers have provided di? erent answers to the problem. For instance, Baig and Goldfajn (1998) thought that trade linkage was unimportant in the East Asian Crisis because the direct bilateral trade volumes between these economies were very small.Masson (1998), analyzing the Mexican crisis and the Asian crisis, obtained similar results. All the papers that analyzed the relationship between trade and ? nancial crises ignored the reverse question how did ? nancial crises a? ect international trade? We argue that the e? ects of ? nancial crises on trade are a condition for discussing whether trade transmits crises. If ? nancial crises do not a? ect countries imports and exports at all, how can ? nancial crises be transmitted through the trade channel? So before we analyze the importance of trade in transmitting ? ancial crises, we expect to clarify the e? ects of ? nancial crises on international trade. As pointed out previously, little work has been done on this topic to date. It seems there is a belief that ? nancial crises only a? ect countries imports and exports through changes in the swap rates. Because the e? ects of exchange rates have already been thoroughly analyzed before, it may seem that there is no need to study the question. However, this view may not be correct. A devaluation of a national currency will join on the volume of exports and reduc e the volume of imports.Classic international trade conjecture shows that a devaluation improves the trade balance if the Marshall-Lerner condition is satis? ed. Because in a ? nancial crisis a country usually experienced a devaluation of its national currency, the same analysis would apply, that is, the a? ected countries imports will decrease, but their exports will increase by and by the crises. Furthermore, ? nancial crises (including currency crises, banking crises, 256 Zihui Ma and Leonard K. Cheng or both) could also a? ect trade through channels anyhow the exchange rate.Calvo and Reinhart (1999) pointed out that ? nancial crises usually caused capital account reversal (sudden stop) and triggered an economic recession. Mendoza (2001) showed that in an economy with liberal credit markets these sudden stops could be an equilibrium outcome. The economic recession reduces not only domestic demand but also total output and export capability, whereas capital out? ow forces the c ountry to increase export. Thus, whether exports increase or decrease after ? nancial crises is unclear without further analysis. Before we analyze how ? nancial crises a? ct the crisis countries imports and exports, let us ? rst de? ne ? nancial crises. Eichengreen and Bordo (2002) have provided de? nitions of currency crises and banking crises For an episode to qualify as a currency crisis, we must observe a forced change in parity, abandonment of a pegged exchange rate, or an international rescue. For an episode to qualify as a banking crisis, we must observe either bank runs, general bank failures and suspension of convertibility of deposits into currency such that the latter circulates at a premium relative to deposits (a banking panic), or signi? ant banking sector problems (including but not limited to bank failures) resulting in the erosion of most or all of banking system collateral that are resolved by a ? scally-underwritten bank restructuring. (1516) The above de? nitio ns are adopted in this paper. In the next two sections, we analyze the e? ects of banking crises and currency crises on the macroeconomy and trade. 8. 3 Impact of Banking Crises A classical framework of bank runs was developed by Diamond and Dybvig (1983). Let us recapitulate the key elements of their model. Agents are endowed with goods that can be practiceed in a long-term rove or stored without costs.The long-term pop out is pro? table but illiquid, that is, if investors do not liquidate the project before it matures, its return is greater than the sign investment however, if the project is liquidated before it matures, the ? re-sale return is less than the initial investment. Each agent can be impatient or patient with ? xed probabilities, but there is no aggregate uncertainty, that is, the total number of impatient agents is ? xed and known by all agents. At the beginning, agents do not know their own types but must decide if they will invest in the project.After they have invested (or have decided not to invest), but before the project matures, each agent realizes his or her own type. Impatient agents must consume immediately, whereas patient agents do not consume anything until the project matures. Agents types are mysterious information, so even if each agent knows his or her own type, other people do not know. The E? ects of Financial Crises on International Trade 257 On the one hand, if an agent does not invest in the project but turns out to be patient, then the agent has missed a pro? table investment opportunity.

Nature of Communities Essay Example for Free

temper of Communities EssayAt the beginning of the 20th century there was much debate well-nigh the reputation of communities. The driving question was whether the community was a self-organized system of co-occurring species or simply a haphazard appeal of tribes with minimal functional integration (Verhoef, 2010). Krebs (1972) described a community as an assemblage of populations of living organisms in a prescribed argona or habitat. However, according to Wright (1984), the working definitions of community can be separate into two basic categories organismic or individualistic. The organismic approach contends that communities have discrete boundaries and that the sum of the species in an argona behaves as organism with both structure and function. In contrast, the individualistic concept regards communities as collections of species requiring mistakable environmental conditions (Wright, 1984).A)Organismic versus individualistic distributionSolomon (2005) stated that th e nature of communities is discussed based on two traditional put one acrosss which ar Clementss organismic assume and Gleasons individualistic model. The organismic model views community as a superorganism that goes through certain stages of development (succession) toward adulthood (climax). In this view, biological interactions are primarily responsible for species composition, and organisms are highly inter unfree. In contrast, according to individualistic model, abiotic environmental factors are the primary determinants of species composition in a community, and organisms are largely interdependent on each other. concord to organismic concept it is expected that an entire community or biome will respond as a unit and to relocate as climatical conditions agitate. Pleistocene biome migration in response to multiple glaciations, the accordian effect, is a classic example of this model (Wright, 1984). In contrast, Wright (1984) kick upstairs explained that the individualist e xpects each species experiencing similar climatic mixtures to respond independently and thus, the community composition of an area to change via both immigration and emigration of some individual taxa while others remain in the area. Communities are not stable under this model but recognize in response to changing local conditions.According to Clements organismic hypothesis, species that typically occupy the same communities should always occur together. Thus, their distributions along the gradient would be clustered in discrete groups with sharp boundaries between groups (Russell et al., 2011).In the 1920s, ecologists Frederic Clements and Henry A. Gleason developed two extreme hypotheses about the nature of ecological communities (Russell et al., 2011). Clements championed an interactive (organismic) view describing communities as superorganism assemblages of species bound together by complex population interactions. According to this view, each species in a community requires i nteractions with a set of ecologically different species, clean as every cell in an organism requires services that other types of cells provide.In contrast, Gleason proposed an alternative, individualistic view of ecological communities. He believed that population interactions do not always determine species composition. Instead, a community is merely an assemblage of species that are individually adapted to similar environmental conditions.According to Gleasons hypothesis, communities do not progress to remainder rather, they constantly change in response to disturbance and environmental variation. According to Gleasons individualistic hypothesis, each species is distributed over the section of an environmental gradient to which it is adapted. Different species would have unique distributions, and species composition would change continuously along the gradient. In other words, communities would not be separated by sharp boundaries.B)Stochastic Versus symmetricalness Schools The stochastic civilize believes that most communities exist in a state of equilibrium, where competitive exclusion formula is prevented by periodic population reductions and environmental fluctuations (Crawley, 1997). More generally, stochastic effects can cause a population to shift from one type of dynamic behavior to another (Turchin, 2003). In addition, stochastic school maintains that physical and temporal factors are dominant influences of community composition. This view argues that species abundance varies and is largely unconquerable by differential responses to unpredictable environmental changes (Levin, 2009).In contrast, the equilibrium explanations assume that community composition represents the stable military issue of interspecific interactions (set of species abundances reached when the rates of change in population is zero) and also assume that the community will go by to an equilibrium after those populations are perturbed (Verhoef, 2010). For instance, the traditional equilibrium model assumes that the probability of an individual tilt larva endure to reproduce is limited in a density-dependent manner by the abundance of the adult look for. Alternatively, stochastic model predicts that recruitment to the adult phase is independent of the density of the adults (Chapman et al., 1999).Equilibrium model states that species richness is entirely determined by ongoing immigration and extinction (Kricher, 2011). Therefore, equilibrium model can be said to be deterministic process which is important in shaping community structure through competition and ravage on native species over short temporal scales (Thorp et al., 2008). For example, Chapman et al., (1999), stated that coral reefs communities are at equilibrium showing precise resource partitioning in response to the competition between the various fish species.However, in contrast, the community may also be more susceptible to stochastic processes. For example, the number of fish spec ies on coral reefs is kept high largely by stochastic processes. According to Naiman et al., (2001), stochastic processes are unpredictable and operate in a relatively density-independent fashion. This is the opposite of the traditional, equilibrium hypothesis which emphasizes density dependent competition between species.

The U.S.A. Patriot Act Essay Example for Free

The U.S.A. nationalist act EssayAbstract The protection of civil rights in the society take ons thorough understanding of political, social, and economic conditions. Under certain political pressures some societal groups require special protection. However, with the desire to minimize the risks of foreign act of terrorism, screen rights seem to lose their relevance in the ratified system of the U.S.The U.S.A. nationalist Act Introduction The U.S.A. Patriot Act is the set of legal norms aimed at fall the risks of foreign terrorism in the U. S. The Acts provisions actually introduce amendments into numerous law enforcement, surveillance, and counter-terrorism legal norms to lard their legal borders, and to provide their broader application under the constant terror of terrorist acts. The U.S.A. Patriot Act The U.S.A. Patriot Act is the document which requires detailed review in the light of secrecy rights protection. In the process of reading the Act, champion cannot but n otice that in the attempt to protect the U.S. citizens from the threat of terrorism, the authors of the Act have actually created extremely unfavorable conditions for the equality and protection of the privacy rights. Although the Act openly states that Arab Americans, Muslim Americans, and Americans from South Asia play a vital role in our Nation and are entitled to nothing less than the full rights of both American (The U.S.A Patriot Act 2001, I102), it also implies that privacy rights will hardly remain classical when it comes to eliminating terrorism. The designation II of the Act is devoted to surveillance procedures, and significantly broadens the rights of the surveillance agencies. This Title is the key to discussing the answer of privacy rights as related to the U.S.A. Patriot Act.Any investigative or law enforcement officer, or lawyer for the Government, who by each(prenominal) means authorized by this chapter, has obtained knowledge of the contents of any wire, ora l, or electronic communication, or evidence derived therefrom, may disclose such contents to any other Federal justness enforcement, light, protective, immigration, national defense, or national security official (The U.S.A. Patriot Act 2001, II203).In this context, the U.S.A. Patriot Act not only fails to provide the exact criteria for such disclosure, but it also initially breaks the privacy rights of those, whose information is to be disclosed. Moreover, the Title II of the U.S.A. Patriot Act significantly expands the rights of juries, governments attorneys, courts, and intelligence agencies in disclosing personal information which is otherwise prohibited (The U.S.A. Patriot Act 2001, II 102). The Section 212 of the Title II of the U.S.A. Patriot Act refers to the right to disclose customer records to a governmental entity, if the provider pretty believes that en emergency involving immediate danger of death or serious physical injury to any person justifies disclosure of inf ormation (The U.S.A. Patriot Act 2001, II212). Again, we face the need to specify the criteria of such disclosure, and the legal criteria of determining the potential risks towards someones health or life. Without these criteria, the Act directly violates the privacy rights of the U.S. and non-U.S. citizens on the U.S. territory. Conclusion The U.S.A. Patriot Act was a legal attempt to produce sound counter-terrorist measures. However, as it has significantly expanded the rights of the law enforcement agencies, the Act has also failed to protect the basic privacy rights of those who may await under the pressure of the Patriot Acts provisions. This does not mean that the discussed Act loses its relevance. Under the threat of terrorism, legal provisions of the U.S.A. Patriot Act deserve attention and may serve the reliable instruments of eliminating terrorist risks. Yet, the U.S.A. Patriot Act will become legally correct only in case it provides specific criteria for each case of bre aking the privacy rights and for determining the threats to ones health or life.ReferencesThe U.S.A. Patriot Act. (2001). Retrieved March 02, 2008 fromhttp//epic.org/privacy/terrorism/hr3162.html

The Patriot Act Essay Example for Free

The nationalist perform EssayAfter the atrocious terrorist attacks on the join States in family cc1, the Government has focused an overwhelming amount of attention on combating terrorism. On October 26, 2001 the Bush Administration passed the matrimony and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism hazard of 2001, infamously cognize as Patriot Act. Practically, Patriot Act significantly expands the power of the federal official political science to investigate, detain, and deport those nation who the government suspects are linked to terrorist activity and other crimes. Although the US Congress while enacting this circuit board survey of the ways to defend America from future terrorist attacks, it failed to balance acceptably the Act with Americans civil and constitutional liberties (Strickland, 26). Ironically, the bill created to protect against terrorism extends beyond its limited goal, jeopardizing the civil libe rties of Americans more than necessary and creating many opportunities for privacy and emancipation violations.History illustrates that, in times of peril, hastily taken measures often weaken governmental restrictions against coercive and busy powers and often infringe on civil liberties without substantially enhancing security. Throughout United States history, the country allowed civil liberties to be sacrificed in face of what seemed to be legitimate exigencies of war the Alien and Sedition Acts, the internment of Japanese-Americans during World fight II, the blacklisting of sup get under ones skind communist sympathizers during the McCarthy era, and the governments watchfulness of civil rights leaders in the mid-sixties (Pike, 20).These abuses should non be forgotten in this war against terrorism, but rather used as a lesson that the luck of governmental abuse is substantial. As Louis D. Brandeis explained, experience should teach us to be most on our halt to protect liber ty when the governments personas are beneficent . . . The greatest dangers to liberty lurk in insidious assault by men of zeal, well-meaning but without understanding (Gastil and Sussman, 116). This history of abuse indicates that civil liberty violations give likely be a reality if the governmental actions are not alertly constructed with safeguards.From the detailed standpoint, the US Patriot Act evidently lacks these safeguards. According to professor Chimerinsky, some loss of freedom may be necessary to ensure security but not every sacrifice of liberty is warranted . . . The central movement must be what rights need to be sacrificed, under what circumstances, and for what gain (Congress Hearings, Lexis-Nexis, 2001). From the very set out, the Act does not destine what a suspected terrorist is, or how the government may go about suspecting someone of terrorism.Potentially, this lack of hydrofoil gives the government an opportunity to use the norms of the Act virtually o n every American. The US Code of federal official Regulations defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives (28 C. F. R. Section 0. 85). However, this definition is rarely adhered to in practice.Title 2, section 201 of Patriot Act, entitled self-assurance to Intercept Wire, Oral, and Electronic Communications Relating to Terrorism amends Section 2516(1) of title 18, US Code. It allows any felon violation relating to chemical weapons or terrorism to authorize eavesdropping on the perpetrator. Section 215 also gives the United States government the right to gain vex to records and other items under the foreign intelligence activity management act. This includes everything from dental records to fingerprints and iniquitous history.Perhaps the most menacing part of the Patriot Act, however, is Title V, en titled Removing Obstacles to Investigating Terrorism, which features sections which allows DNA acknowledgement of terrorists and other violent offenders, forces local law enforcement to relinquish control and all data over to federal law enforcement, allows disclosure of educational records, and allows disclosure of education from NCES surveys. Not only these provisions make the Act to be unjust and inappropriate, but they also violate all the norms established by the US genius regarding civil rights and liberties.Guaranteeing the security of the United States is the most fundamental governmental objectives and intelligence surveillance plays a critical role in the trade protection of national security. However, protect civil liberties is of great importance, and that is why the issue of surveillance went through years of debate. The values of the Constitution of the United States have united the country for more than 200 years. The framers designed the Constitution to protect c ivil liberties in times of war as well as in times of peace.It necessary to remember that the Constitution was designed at the time when America won the Revolutionary War the time that was not comfortable or easy, and enemies posed a real threat. However, protecting civil liberties remained a central goal. Similarly, the current threat of terrorism cannot now be used as justification to disregard civil liberties provided by the Constitution. American ideals and values must be respected to go along the strength of the United States. Commitment to the principles of the Constitution in the face of terrorist atrocities will serve justice and test the strength of the United States to the world.Even before September 11th, the government acknowledged that terrorists hope to provoke responses that damp the Constitution of the United States. For instance, a report published before the Patriot Act argued that counterterrorism policies must be effective, but must also respect the democratic traditions (Bernstein, 29). Meanwhile, the Patriot Act could have profound implications on the democracy of the United States. Privacy involves the relationship of the individual to the state, the most fundamental aspect of a government.Since the beginning of the United States, Americans have been committed to the idea that people have the right to control how much education about their thoughts, feelings, choices and political beliefs is disclosed (France M. et al, 83). Privacy acts as the boundary that provides protection from the outside world and maintains kind dignity. Privacy works to shield minorities and outsiders from persecution, something America prides itself in providing. By reducing our commitment to privacy, we risk ever-changing what it means to be Americans (France M. t al, 84). The analysis of the Acts sections depicts whole unconstitutional character of this moot bill. For instance, Section 218 blurs the essential distinction between nefarious and intelligenc e surveillance. It requires only that a significant purpose of a search or telegramtap be to witness foreign intelligence information (Hearings, Lexis-Nexis, 3162/218). The amplification of the word significant eliminates the previous FISA civil liberty safeguard that separated sad surveillance from intelligence surveillance.Now the Patriot Act allows a search to be performed under the previous surveillance guidelines make up if the motivation is to get criminal evidence, not foreign intelligence information. In contemporary context, this deviate allows the FBI to top secret searches or to secretly record telephone conversations without seeming cause when their primary purpose is to obtain criminal information, not to gather foreign intelligence (ACLU, 2005). As a result, Section 218 threatens the civil liberties of Americans who pose no terrorist threat.Moreover, the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires the government to ratify to a judicial policeman that it has probable cause of a crime before it conducts an invasive search to find evidence of that crime (US Constitution, AM IV). Before the enactment of the Patriot Act, if the primary purpose was a criminal investigation, the law enforcement officials had to first prove the higher standard of probable cause. Investigating criminal activity cannot be the primary purpose of surveillance.However, the change made by Section 218 authorizes unconstitutional activity by impinging on the Fourth Amendment protection that requires probable cause. Section 218 now provides law enforcement officials with a tool to avoid probable cause when conducting criminal investigation surveillance. As long as law enforcement officials can find some aspect of the surveillance relating to intelligence gathering, the surveillance is now very likely to be allowed even if the surveillance is primarily conducted for criminal investigation purposes.Form the critical standpoint, the word significant is not en ough of a safeguard to protect the probable cause requirement for criminal investigations. Prior to the Patriot Act, the statutes that governed the use of pen registration and ambuscade and retrace devices were structured according to the understanding that the telephone was the predominate method of communication across a distance. To obtain a court order, the law enforcement officer needs to attest that the information to be obtained is pertinent to an ongoing criminal investigation (18 U.S. C. , 3123 (a), 2001). In order to have access to the contents of the telephone communication, the officer had to prove probable cause, that is, that a crime has occurred, is occurring, or will occur (18 U. S. C. S. , 3122, 1993). Therefore, previous policy someway limited the access law enforcement officials have to obtain call content. Not only has the Patriot Act simplified the procedure of obtaining court orders, it also extends the rights of law enforcement officers to access everythin g from hard-wire telephones to Internet communications.Now, Section 216 gives law enforcement agents access to dialing, addressing, routing or sign of the zodiac information transmitted by an instrument or facility from which a wire or electronic communication is transmitted, once they have obtained pen register and trap and trace orders. In addition to the outgoing dialed telephone numbers and the origin of the incoming telephone calls, pen registers and trap and trace orders now give access to much more information contained in an electronic communication the routing, addressing and signaling information of an electronic communication.Taking into consideration that in the US modern history, the FBI has repeatedly abused its powers, the Patriot Act jeopardizes significantly Americans right to privacy as well as other civil liberties. For example, during 1960s the FBI has investigated people because of ethnic background or political viewpoint, both of which unjustly invade the sacr ed American right of individual privacy. Reasons why the government, blindfolded congressmen and other officials allow the possibility for infamous historical incidents and violations to pass along again remain unclear.For now, the only thing which is clear is that my personal privacy as well as privacy of my family and friends is under constant threat. Quite possibly, my email correspondence with my foreign friends or relatives is under careful watch of FBI or other Homeland Security agents. My educational records along with other private information are easily accessible for unclear and non-transparent purposes. And although my correspondence, my online diaries, weblogs, email, etc do not represent any threat for the United States, there is no justification and reasons for why they should be available for surveillance.Finally, the US Patriot Act is evidently neither effective vehicle to protect citizens from terrorism nor it conforms to the Constitution. Practically, it impedes your, my, their civil liberties. The Government should have first unconquerable and analyzed the barriers inhibiting effective use of existing policies that protect against terrorism, and only then utilize such obstreperous control over our liberty.

Elizabeth receives three proposals of marriage in Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Elizabeth receives three proposals of trades union in Pride and Prejudice EssayThe first sentence of the figment Pride and Prejudice states, It is the truth universally adjudge that a single man in bullheadedness of a costly fortune must be in want of a wife. This clearly demonstrates how crucial marriage was in the Victorian age and to the bennet girls. Using this as the first sentence of the saucy reinforces the theme of marriage from the very start. The plot of Pride and Prejudice is centred on four familys with all of these resulting in marriage. The first relationship was between Charlotte Lucus and Mr Collins which resulted in a marriage of convenience as uncomplete party showed any affection and thought of marriage as merely a contract that would helper both sides. The second couple was Miss Lydia white avens and Mr Wickham. In the novel Lydia and Wickham eloped and ran off to London. Mr Wickham was paid by Mr Darcy to marry Lydia. The trinity was between Miss Jane Bennet and Mr Bingly which was a relationship of true recognise. The relationship encountered many ups and d ingests entirely eventually true make love triumphed. The fourth was between Mr Darcy and Miss Lizzy Bennet. This was an unusual couple as they came from very different classes in Victorian society and their marriage very nearly did non happen. This marriage was based on love.The Bennet girls had limited options in life. The first was to let down married and love innocence and obey their husband. The second was to become a spinster and live off her male relatives. To be a spinster you were regarded as a social outcast in society. The third was to be a governess. To get married was seen to be by far the best option for women in the Victorian age. Women had few rights.The Bennet girls had the unfortunate coincidence of being five girls in their family. This meant that they would only surrender a small dowry, as all money had to be split five ways. Extra pressure was mounted on the Bennet girls shoulders through Mr Collins. If Mr Bingly died the Bennet girls would have been thrown out of Longbourn in favour of Mr Collins as their preindication was entitled to heirs male.Miss Elizabeth Bennet is the heroine of the novel. Elizabeth has several character traits, which make it somewhat less difficult for her to winnow out her first proposal from Mr Collins. These include her perceptiveness, which enabled her to easily manipulate Mr Collins. Lizzy is very witty and we know this because it says in the text edition that, She has more of a quickness than her sisters. In the last paragraph of the proposal scene we see that Lizzy puts an fierceness on the personal pronouns we and I. This shows that she is as proud and self interested as Mr Collins. However, Elizabeth lacks self-awareness she is proud and prejudiced. Elizabeth wants to be seen as an intelligent, educated woman. She wants a marriage but only if it is based on love. She will non diss olve for merely a business arrangement.The novel of Pride and Prejudice has two comedy climaxes and both have connections with Mr Collins. The first is Mr Collins proposal. Elizabeth is genuinely shocked and embarrassed by this proposal. She nearly bursts out laughing when he says that he was Run away with by my feelings. Humour is achieved by Mr Collins manner as Austen satirises the constituent of a traditional clergyman. For example, he is supposed to put others first yet through the first paragraph of the proposal he uses the personal pronouns I, me and my thirteen times. Elizabeth is clearly affronted by the fact that Mr Collins believes that he is ding her and her family a service by making his proposal of marriage. He believes that Elizabeth and her family should regard him as an exceedingly good catch.Elizabeth, however, with her strong intellect does not regard Mr Collins as her equal or as her superior. She merchantman hardly contain her fury when she replies sarcastica lly, I am very sensitive of the honour of your proposals but it is unthinkable for me to do otherwise other than to decline them. Her temper rises when Mr Collins persists with his proposal as he believes it is everyday for prospective brides to reject a proposal a second or even a third time.Elizabeth, in exasperation, does her utmost to convince Mr Collins that marriage to him is completely out of the question, I am short serious in my proposal. You could not make me happy. This is the basis of Elizabeths refusal she wants a marriage based on love and respect which will lead to happiness. She regards Mr Collins as beneath her in intellect and sensitivity. In her eyes, he is a pompous fool with an over-inflated sense of importance. She does not love or respect him. She feels that she would be compromising herself by conveying him his proposal and she is totally frustrated by his apparent in ability to accept her refusal.In this proposal we see that there is a character contr ast between Elizabeth and Mr Collins. Mr Collins obeys orders. He admits that to Elizabeth he is following Lady Catherine de Bourghs instruction to marry when he says, It is the particular advice and recommendation of a legitimate noble lady whom I have the honour of calling patroness. Lizzy, however, will not be swayed by the opinion of others whatever their social status. During his proposal Mr Collins reminds Lizzy that he is, To inherit this estate after the oddment of your honoured father. This shows Mr Collins lack of understanding of Lizzys love for her father. This is juxtaposition between the theme of love and marriage and the death of Mr Bennet. This is very amusing for the reader.The second proposal that Elizabeth receives is from Mr Darcy. The title of this novel, Pride and Prejudice is a metaphor for Elizabeths relationship with Mr Darcy. Mr Darcy is seen by Elizabeth to be too proud. Mr Darcy is a lot further up the social strata than the Bennet family. He thinks th at he would be degrading himself to marry her. He really believed, that were it not for the inferiority of her connections, he should be in some danger. Elizabeth is prejudiced against Darcy. Elizabeth has been fooled by Mr Wickhams stories of Mr Darcy. Elizabeth believes that after the death of the late Mr Darcy, Mr Darcy threw Mr Wickham out of his fathers house and failed to cleave to his phone of a family living. However later on in the novel this is confirmed to be not the case.Through the plot line we see how Austen has created hostility between Mr Darcy and Elizabeth. At their first meeting, Mr Darcy does not delight himself to Elizabeth and her family because of his superior attitude. He says of Elizabeth, She is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me. This dislike of Mr Darcy is change magnitude through his interference in the relationship between Jane and Mr Bingly. He admits to Elizabeth that I did everything in my power to narrate my friend from your sister.El izabeth was very astounded by Mr Darcys first proposal. Her prejudice against him increased due to the manner in which he made this proposal. He explained to her how she had struggled with himself but was unable to stop himself from telling her, how ardently I enjoy and love you. However, Mr Darcy made the mistake of dwelling on what he perceived Elizabeths inferiority. Elizabeth could see that, like Mr Collins, Mr Darcy judge her to accept his proposal and it had not crossed his mind that she would do otherwise.Elizabeths anger increases because she can see that Darcy arrogantly assumes that she will marry him. Elizabeth felt herself growing more angry every moment. He openly tells her that he has tried to quell his feelings for her because a marriage to her would be degrading. This arrogance and sense of superiority and pride infuriates Elizabeth. Although she is flattered by his proposals, her prejudices make it impossible for her to accept it. She does not want to be seen as a charity case. Also, she does not want to be seen to condone what she perceives to be his ungentlemanly past behaviour towards Mr Wickham and her sister. She declares that from the very beginning she despised his arrogance, conceit and selfish disdain of the feelings of others.The third proposal that Elizabeth received was again from Mr Darcy. However, by this time Elizabeth has comprehend the truth about Mr Wickham and his atrocious behaviour. Her regard for Mr Darcy has grown through her understanding of the part that he vie in resolving the problems with Lydias elopement and eventual marriage to Mr Wichkam. At the time of the second proposal Elizabeths prejudices against Mr Darcy have disappeared. and then she cannot wait to express her thanks for the part that he played in helping Lydia and ultimately her family. However, Mr Darcy tells Elizabeth that her family owe him nothing and he only cares about her.On her return to London, Lady Catherine De Burgh called on Mr Darcy to obtain the promise from Mr Darcy which she had not got from Elizabeth. She told him of her visit to Longbourn and her conversation with Elizabeth and how she had refused to promise that she would not accept a marriage proposal from Mr Darcy.The action of her visit, had been exactly contrariwiseIt taught me to hopeI knew enough of your disposition to be certain that had you been absolutely irrevocably decided against me you would have acknowledged it to Lady Catherine frankly and openly. He humbles himself when he openly, for the second time, declares his love for Elizabeth and openly outlines his inferior traits. He confirms that he has been a selfish being all his life. He as an only child her was spoilt and not taught to control his temper. He also says admits that he was almost taught to be selfish and overbearing, to care for no-one beyond my own family circle. He tells Elizabeth that that it is she who has brought him humility.In my opinion it was not only Elizabeth who was p rejudiced but Darcy too as he is prejudiced about her place in the social hierarchy. It is also not only Darcy who is proud but Elizabeth is too. She will not lower her standards and complies with the conventions of the day by consenting to marry just to please her have or other members of society. She is determined to hold out against all the odds and marry only for love. At the end of the novel Elizabeth achieves her goal of marrying someone who will truly make her happy. This could be seen as a reflection of Jane Austens view on marriage, that is, that a good marriage is one that is based on love and mutual respect. Do anything rather than marry without affection.

Size Reduction and Screening Essay Example for Free

Size Reduction and display EssaySize reduction and classifying The purpose of this experiment was to determine the affect of vibration stride and judgment of conviction on the size reduction and size separation of particles. The objective was successfully completed and the initial assay of speck was separated by vibration into finer particles with a large amount temporary through the smallest diameter screen which was 0. 0278 inches producing a final product of fine district particles which are straight off easier to transport and store.As can be seen from the graph below (figure 1) undersize particles verses screens, all three various vibration settings (45%, 65%, 85%) produced similar results for the wake process. At the beginning of the experiment (time zero) all of the commonwealth sample was placed on the first screen, number 5, and after repeated screening (vibrating) the sample was abject down in more(prenominal) uniform sizes leaving larger pieces of soil l eft on the screen while smaller sizes fell through finally producing a fine powder left in the bottom travel.As can be seen from the graph below, after six minutes (the fourth slug point on graph each bullet point represents two minutes of vibrating) the soil had generally been sorted into its final sizes. This occurred for all three different vibration settings indicating that after a certain time period, six minutes for this particular experiment, the screening process is 90% complete and may be more cost effective to stop the process as only a small percentage is whence sorted into smaller sizes.It can be seen though, that after a few minutes of screening, the original soil sample was sorted into a much more manageable sample making storage and expatriation much easier. With regards to retained soil over time, again all three percentage settings produced similar results. The pan encumbrance increased over time as more soil was broken down and this was to be expected as thi s is the purpose of this particular procedure.Screen 5 and 12, with the larger diameter holes contained the larger, unbreakable soil samples slowly decreased in soil being retained until only the large unbreakable study was left. All the screens, screen number 14, 16, 20 and 25 kept a rough constant system of weights indicating that a certain percentage could be broken down and pass through the screens while the abide had reached its optimum broken down size.The higher vibration setting, 65% and 85% had more constant weight and this was due to the sample being vibrated at a higher setting and being broken quicker and thus settling. To conclude, from this small scale experiment alone it can be seen that size reduction and screening is a very useful and effective procedure in reducing the size of a sample making transportation cheaper and easier and taking up less storage space and in a domain of a function of cutting costs, this procedure has become vital to a number of different industries

Effectiveness of Second Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

effectiveness of Second Generation Tyrosine Kinase InhibitorSusmi SureshEffectiveness of Second Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia a domineering reviewAbstractBackground Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML), a sackcer of the myeloid lineage, affects around 15 per 100,000 race per year in the UK. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) oral therapy is calld to target the anorectic BCR-Abl protein. Second-generation TKIs namely dasatinib and nilotinib be understood to be some(prenominal) potent than the first-generation prototype imatinib. However, bell-effectiveness is hindering the widespread use of second-generation TKIs. The patency of these drugs de ruin expire in the immediate future and so, the prices of these ar expected to fall. A clear understanding of the competency of the potent second-generation TKIs will aid decision-making bodies such as NICE UK to form guidelines on front-line drugs. This review aims to c ollect and examine curtilage from legitimate literature on the effectiveness of second-generation TKIs in the treatment of degenerative var. CML.Method A systematic search of psychoanalyse selective informationbases was carried out and the results were screened using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Five major randomised controlled foot races were identified. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were carried out using standardised forms developed specifically for RCTs by the Cochrane Collaboration. Quality assessment of the political campaigns was performed using the CASP tool. Results The five chosen RCTs were the DASISION trial, the S0325 trial and the sense of smell 2 which compared dasatinib with imatinib, and the ENESTnd trial and the ENESTchina trial which compared nilotinib with imatinib. A participant pool of 2692 patients had a mean age of 61 historic period and connatural features. A total of n=789 and n=697 patients were randomly assigned to d asatinib and nilotinib harness. Second-generation TKIs were associated with greater reception rate in patients than imatinib for example, dasatinib was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.0803 (95%CI 0.0434 to 0.1489 Pin the S0325 trial, and nilotinib OR= 0.1772 (95%CI 0.1217 to 0.2581 Pin the ENESTnd trial. Conclusion incumbent evidence points to a greater efficacy of second-generation TKIs, namely dasatinib and nilotinib, than imatinib. Adverse events (AEs) were inform for all three drugs. referable to the lack of a direct comparison between second-generation TKIs, the effectiveness of dasatinib over nilotinib could not be inferred. In order to aid bodies such as NICE to choose the most apt and safe TKI for use as a first-line treatment choice, it is suggested that future studies aim for a direct comparison. Toxicity data should excessively be generated to supplement this process. Introduction Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia (CML), a cancer of the myeloid lineage, account s for 8% of adult leukaemias in the UK (1). This acquired genetic disorder causes the pluripotent myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow to undergo unregulated process (2). A proliferative advantage thus results in patients having abnormally increased levels of serum leukocytes.The WHO ICD-10 classifies this disease as a malignant neoplasm with Philadelphia positive, t(922) (q34q11) translocation and crisis of blast cells. With an annual incidence of 14.8 per 100,000 per year (3), leukaemia, along with its subtypes, is the twelfth most familiar cancer in the UK. The disease has a male predominance and its incidence increases with age (4). Although no causative environmental leukomogens turn out been identified, several studies have conform tod steeper incidence in patients exposed to actually high doses of ionising radiation (5). CML is often triphasic, with an initial chronic phase (CML-CP) resulted by the advanced phases of accelerated (intermediate) phase and a final blast crisis- all with deteriorating laboratory profiles and clinical signs. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) oral therapy has been used to extend the clinical course (particularly that of CML-CP). CML today is one of the fewest cancers which can be treated to attain 79% extract grade (6).Since the introduction of TKIs, there has been a significant reduction in mortality rates in the UK- from 1.5 per 100,000 in 2000, to 0.6 in 2010 (7) TKI-attributed mortality reduction is however debatable (8). Currently, imatinib is used as first-line treatment and is procurable to patients in the UK. Approved by the FDA in 2001, imatinib has been dispositionn to be very effective in the treatment of CML. expectation is excellent with an increase in 5-year survival rates by 32% since its introduction (9).Hailed as the magic trick bullet against cancer (10), there have been several setbacks since introduction. Firstly, patients soon developed resistance. This was counteracted with the development o f second-generation TKIs nilotinib and dasatinib for imatinib-resistant (or intolerant) patients (2). Secondly, TKIs are deemed as one of the most expensive cancer drugs. For instance, in countries such as India where the generic forms are used, the cost difference for a month course, when compared to that in the UK, is an astonishing 4200 and 620 for imatinib and dasatinib, respectively (11).As a result, the availability of TKIs is purely regulated by NICE. Whereas NICE recommends nilotinib as a first line drug if the manufacturer makes Nilotinib available with the discount agreed as part of the patient access scheme (PAS), dasatinib is neither a part of PAS nor is it recommended in CML-treatment (12). NICE explicitly comments on the low cost-effectiveness as the major reason for this despite it acknowledging these drugs to be more effective (13). It is to be reminded that NICE uses clinical as well as economic data to form its guidelines.Prices are expected to fall when the paten cy of TKIs expires in the future. For example, the patency for imatinib will expire in December 2016 in the UK. This may lead to possible alterations in the NICE recommendations and the use of second-generation drugs for first-line treatments may be favoured.Knowledge on the effectiveness of second-generation TKIs will help us shape the choice of allow TKIs in the future, when the pharmaceutical industry will be flooded with their generic strains. As such, this review aims to examine current evidence on the effectiveness of second-generation TKIs in the treatment of CML-CP patients.The molecular basics of CMLCML is an acquired neoplasm resulting from the formation of an unnatural gene. In the myeloid stem cells of patients, the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) on chromosome 22 and the Abelson murine leukaemia (c-Abl) on chromosome 9 undergo a (922) translocation (Figure 1) . This results in the formation of the aberrant BCR-Abl fusion gene which is seen in 95% of patients (who ar e so referred to as Ph+ve). The BCR-Abl gene is translated into the leukemogenic protein p210BCR-Abl, an aberrant tyrosine kinase (TK) enzyme that is capable of constitutive activity. TKIs inhibit these aberrant TKs.c-Abl, the non-aberrant version of the gene, has a kinase sector which houses the ATP- seizeing pocket, an SH2 upregulating domain and an SH3 inhibitory domain. The kinase is strictly auto-inhibited and shuttles between the nucleus and the cytol. However, the BCR-Abl TK is localised in the cytoplasm and this is implicated in its constitutive TK activity (Figure 2). In the cytoplasm, it undergoes auto-dimerisation which activates the enzyme by triggering structural alteration.c-Abl works by phosphorylating the Grb2 substratum protein. This activates the SoS effector molecule which facilitates the conversion of Ras-GDP to Ras-GTP. This further activates Raf due to which MEK1/2 is phosphorylated. As a result, ERK, a hypercritical regulator of Cyclin D is overly activate d. ERK induces the synthesis of Cyclin D, which along with cdk4, determines whether the cell cycle is allowed past the G1 Restriction point. one time past this checkpoint, cell cycle cannot be reversed and so, the resultant daughter cells are produced. Cyclin D phosphorylates retinoblastoma (Rb), which in its inactive state is unphosphorylated and attached to E2F (a transcription compute), and releases E2F. This allows the cell to enter into the S phase (14) to begin deoxyribonucleic acid replication. Expression of the BCR-Abl gene upregulates proliferation by constitutively activating the Ras signalling pathway (Figure 3) cyclin D is continuously produced.BCR-Abl expression also facilitates anti-apoptosis and disrupts adhesion (Figure 4). A disrupted adhesion to stromal cells and the extracellular matrix reduces the regulatory effect transmitted via central adhesions (15). Also, clonal expansion is aided by the evasion of apoptosis. Thus, uncontrolled Ras signalling, upregulate d anti-apoptosis and disrupted adhesion are understood to lead to the ultimate manifestation of CML (16).TKIs inhibit these aberrant tyrosine kinases. Imatinib is a competitive antagonist of the tyrosine kinase domain of BCR-Abl (16). Tyrosine kinases exist in active or inactive states, depending on whether the activation loop located on the C-terminal domain is open or closed (Figure 5).In the inactive state, the activation loop is closed and folds towards the ATP- fettering pocket (17). Imatinib and nilotinib bind to the inactive conformation (Figure 6) whereas dasatinib binds to both conformations. Several studies have shown second-generation TKIs to be more effective in treating chronic phase CML (18-20). One such subscribe to showed that dasatinib was 325-fold more effective than imatinib at inhibiting BCR-Abl in vitro this is attributed to its ability to bind to multiple conformations (21).Methods (Appendix A)ResultsFive randomised controlled trials were identified (Table 9). These included three trials- DASISION, Second Phase S0325 and SPIRIT 2- that compared dasatinib with imatinib and two trials- ENESTnd and ENESTchina- that compared nilotinib with imatinib. All of these together show better outcomes for CML-CP patients treated with second-generation TKIs.The primary end point of all these trials, notwithstanding DASISION and SPIRIT 2, was MMR rates at 12 months. The DASISION trial looked at CCyR at 12 months. The primary end point of SPIRIT 2, the largest dasatinib trial, is event-free survival at 5 years. This will solitary(prenominal) be measured in adjoin 2018 but nevertheless, secondary outcomes such as CCyR rates at 12 months have been published. All early(a) studies also measured CCyR at 12 months as the secondary outcome.The Dasatinib versus Imatinib ponder in Treatment-Naive CML Patients (DASISION) (22)The education aimed to specify whether patients given dasatinib had a higher CCyR by 12 months of treatment. CCyR and MMR at 12 mont hs were compared for both drugs and it was concluded that dasatinib may improve long-term outcomes in CML-CP patients due to its shorter reaction time than imatinib (Table 9 Appendix B CCyR and MMR bar methods and scale). Considered as a landmark study, these results proved to be pivotal in accepting dasatinib as a standard second-generation TKI.A 5-year follow-up was conducted to understand whether dasatinib can be continued to be considered as a standard therapy for CML-CP patients. The results (Table 10) supported the original finding (23).The Second Phase S0325 Intergroup (South Western Oncology Group, East Cooperative Oncology Group, crab louse and Leukemia Group B and NCI Canada Clinical Trial Group) Trial (24)The study aimed to compare the retort rates for dasatinib- and imatinib-treated patients. interest standard clinical measurement of CCyR rates (Appendix B), dasatinib was found to produce more early short-term cytogenetical and molecular response rates (Table 9). Ho wever, the study also noted Grade3-4 toxicities in 58% patients in the dasatinib arm, compared to only 35% in the imatinib arm. Toxicity data were not reported in DASISION or SPIRIT2.ST1571 Prospective external Randomised Trial (SPIRIT 2) (25)CCyR response rates for dasatinib- and imatinib-treated patients were compared. The study observed an increased response rate for dasatinib compared to imatinib (Table 9). With these results, the study concluded that dasatinib was favoured in CML-CP treatment.Evaluating Nilotinib Efficacy and Safety in Clinical Trials- Newly Diagnosed Patients (ENESTnd) (26)A multicentre three-arm trial, this aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of nilotinib compared with imatinib. Two groups of patients given different doses of nilotinib were compared to those treated with the standard imatinib dose. CCyR was found to be higher in both nilotinib arms, compared to the imatinib arm (Table 9). The study thus concluded that nilotinib at either doses produced a clinical response better than imatinib.A 5-year follow up (Table 11) aimed to value the long-term outcomes in patients taking nilotinib MMR and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of these patients were examined (27). Patients treated with the higher dose of nilotinib were found to have more AEs. Despite this, due to the short-time with which MMR and CCyR were achieved, the study concluded to recommend nilotinib at 300mg twice insouciant over imatinib. Current evidence provided by DASISION trial and the works of Quintas-Cardama A et al., 2009 and Hochhaus et al., 2009 were referred by the researchers. These directly link shorter response time with increased long-term benefits and cut down risk of progression (28, 29).Evaluating Nilotinib Efficacy and Safety in Clinical Trials- China (ENESTchina) (30)The trial, conducted in Chinese patients, aimed to observe MMR rates at 12 months in nilotinib and imatinib treated patients. Also, conclusions on whether genetic and ethnic factors aff ect response to treatment were gaunt using the results.Whilst MMR showed a similar pattern as seen in the original ENESTnd trial, CCyR at 12 months for the nilotinib arm was lower than the imatinib arm by 3.6%. Since CCyR at 6 months showed an increased rate for nilotinib (66.4% vs 57.1% for imatinib), the study noted this inconsistency to be favouring nilotinib. Previous studies were cited to have observed early CCyR indicative of better response (31, 32). Thus, it was concluded that nilotinib was more effective. get windInterventionDosagenMales (%)Median ageLost to follow up (%)CCyR at 12 monthsMMR at 12 monthsDASISIONDasatinib100mg chance(a)25956461583% (95%CI 78-88 P-value 0.01)MMR3x46% (95%CI 40-52 P-valueImatinib400mg occasional26063491972% (95%CI 66-77 P-value 0.01)28% (95%CI 23-34 P-valueS0325Dasatinib100mg quotidian1236047na*84% (95%CI 74-92 P-value 0.040)MMR359% (95%CI 48-68 P-value 0.059)Imatinib400mg daily1236350na59 % (95%CI 56-80 P-value 0.040)44%(95%CI 34-55 P-val ue)SPIRIT 2Dasatinib100mg daily40761.453053.4% (P-valueMMR358.4%Imatinib400mg daily40759.253041.6% (P-value43.1%ENESTndNilotinib300mg twice daily28256471680% (P-valueMMR344% (P-valueNilotinib400mg twice daily28162471878% (P-value43% (P-valueImatinib400mg daily28356462141.6% (P-value22% (P-valueENESTchinaNilotinib300mg twice daily13467.941na77.6(66.4 at 6 months)52.2% (95%CI 43.4-60.9P-valueImatinib400mg daily13360.939na80.5 (57.1 at 6 months)27.8% (95%CI 20.4-36.3P-valueTable 9 need Characteristics (*na= not available x See Appendix B Parameters for measuring effectiveness of TKI) mullInterventionDosageMMRMMR4.5x5-year OS(HR 1.01 95%CI 0.58-1.73)Adverse Events* Drug-related Pleural EffusionDASISION5-year Follow-upDasatinib100mg daily76 (P-value= 0.0022)42(P-value= 0.0022)91%28%Imatinib400mg daily64 (P-value= 0.0251)33(P-value= 0.0251)90%0.8%Table 10 DASISION 5-year Follow-up Study (*No new adverse events were reportedx See Appendix B Parameters for measuring TKI effectiveness)Study InterventionDosageMMR4.5OSOverall Adverse EventsENESTnd5-year Follow-upNilotinib300mg twice daily54%93.7% (95%CI 90.8-90.6)32.9%Pleural Effusion 1.8%Nilotinib400mg twice daily52%96.2% (95%CI 93.9-98.5)41.4%Pleural Effusion 0.7%Imatinib400mg daily31%91.7% (95%CI 88.3-95.0)32.7%Pleural Effusion 1.1%Table 11 ENESTnd 5-year Follow-up StudyDiscussionThe pooled data from 2692 patients show that the second-generation TKIs were more effective than the first-generation TKI imatinib. The results from the three RCTs which compare dasatinib with imatinib give an bonny absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 26.0% for nilotinib, average ARR is 24.6% (Table 12). Together, second-generation TKIs produce a very promising complete cytogenic response in 253 per 1000 patients per year. As a comparison, a Cochrane systematic review conducted by Aguilar MI et al., 2005 to understand the efficacy of oral anticoagulants in preventing ischaemic heart attacks, collected data from five RCTs with a pool of 2313 pat ients. This showed that warfarin gives an ARR of 4.05% and so the use of warfarin as a common anticoagulant was continued to be supported (33). Hence, a very high combined ARR of 25.3% shown in this review emphasises the potency of second-generation TKIs in treating CML-CP. With continuous treatment using these TKIs, remission can be attained. RCTInterventionOdds RatioAbsolute Risk Reduction (ARR %)ARR per 1000 population (per year) DASISIONDasatinib0.5242 (95%CI 0.3437 to 0.7997 P=0.0027)0.11089 (11.1%)110.9S0325Dasatinib0.0803 (95%CI 0.0434 to 0.1489 P0.55409 (55.45%)554.1SPIRIT 2Dasatinib0.6217 (95%CI 0.4713 to 0.8203 P= 0.0008)0.11825 (11.8%)118.3ENESTchinaNilotinib1.1871 (95%CI 0.6578 to 2.1426 P=0.5691)-0.04282 (-4.28%)-42.82ENESTndNilotinib (300mg)0.1772 (95%CI 0.1217 to 0.2581 P0.40358 (40.4%)403.6Nilotinib (400mg)0.2025 (95%CI 0.141 to 0.2925 P0.37672 (37.7%)376.7Table 12 Data processed by the review springDasatinib TrialsThe DASISION trial was industry-sponsored and as s uch, the results are to be approached with caution due to a possible risk of bias. However, the largest dasatinib trial, SPIRIT 2 also shows a very similar ARR of 11.8%. Moreover, the European LeukemiaNet Panel used the results from the DASISION and other similar studies to set the 2013 guidelines in the management of CML-CP (34). Hence, the results are widely acknowledged by the scientific community.However, due splendor must be given to toxicity data generated from these studies whilst interpreting the results. Whilst DASISION stated that adverse events (AEs) for both arms were similar, toxicity data were not explicitly reported in DASISION and SPIRIT 2 studies. The S0325 trial communicate this issue (See Results). The team suggested that the choice of TKI should only be made based on a patients distinguish risk of progression, pre-existing comorbidity and compliance (24). With reference to this, the 5-year follow-up of DASISION emphasised that there were no new events reported outside of the initial 12 month period (23).Nonetheless, both teams reiterated the quick response of dasatinib in treating CML-CP as an indication of its greater efficacy. However, this increased effectiveness becomes equalised in the long-term, with both dasatinib and imatinib producing similar overall survival rates five years post-treatment (23).Nilotinib TrialsCompared to dasatinib, the risk of AEs was only slightly increased in nilotinib patients. Unlike the other RCTs, ENESTnd trial observed imatinib-treated patients to have a high risk of AEs. Nausea and diarrhoea were reported in a very high percentage of patients- 41.1% and 46.1% respectively. The molecular mechanisms of AEs are not currently understood and no studies have been trialled in patients to quantify and assess TKI-related AEs. Hence, a clinically-relevant conclusion was not drawn from these results.LimitationsOne main factor limiting this review is the absence of direct comparative studies between dasatinib and nilotinib. The S0325 trials observed that the standard dose of dasatinib produced more AEs than imatinib and the ENESTnd trial showed that the higher dose of nilotinib produced more AEs than imatinib. However, these observations alone cannot be used to highlight nilotinib over dasatinib. other limitation is the possibility of selection bias. Currently, numerous on-going clinical trials worldwide aim to compare the various TKIs. However, much data is yet unpublished. These could not be included in this review due to the lack of an appropriate critical appraisal tool, other than the CASP tool used in this review, with more rigorous criteria. Despite these, conclusions drawn from a large pooled study population of 2692 patients remain reliable.Nonetheless, inconsistencies on both efficacy and AEs data were puzzle when comparing the five trials. The ENESTchina trial observed a better result with imatinib at twelve months than nilotinib (OR= 1.1871 95%CI 0.6578 to 2.1426 P=0.5691). Addi tionally, the ENESTnd trial reported imatinib to be associated with higher AEs than dasatinib. However, the pooled data show a greater efficacy of dasatinib and nilotinib than imatinib. Dasatinib is also associated with more AEs than standard dose nilotinib and imatinib.The comparability of ENESTchina to other trials could be questioned. Patients from all ethnicities was a definite inclusion criterion and hence this study could not be excluded. The primary aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nilotinibvs imatinib (in) patients with newly diagnosed P